ABSTRACT
All over the world, PAs supply a wide range of provisioning services and related goods benefiting the local communities, the wider society and the economy. Benefits of provisioning services and related goods refer to resources provided and/or maintained by PAs (Chapter 2). These include, for example, the provisioning of food, water, raw material and genetic resources (Table 6.1). The benefits can occur – or be enjoyed – either within or outside PAs. In the latter case, a PA plays an important role in contributing to the provisioning of resources even though the actual harvesting of these resources takes place outside the site. This could be the case, for example, when PAs function as an important refuge or breeding place for fish or game species. Provisioning services and related goods https://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96/ns/oasis-exchange/table">
Ecosystem service
Examples of related goods
Provisioning of food
Cereals, livestock, fish (marine and inland), game, fruit, berries, mushrooms, edible wild plants, spices, etc.
Provisioning of clean water
Drinking water, water for household use, water for industrial use, etc.
Provisioning of raw material
Timber, wood, fuel wood, energy crops, fodder and forage for livestock (hay, straw, lichen), material for construction (rattan, reed), material for clothing (cotton, linen, wool), cork, etc.
Provisioning of medical resources and biochemicals
Medicinal products (natural), cosmetics, biochemicals and pharmaceuticals, non-medicinal biochemicals, pharmaceutical models and test organisms, etc.
Provisioning of ornamental resources
Traditional handicraft, fashion and jewellery, natural dyes and colourants/dye plants, decorative wild plants, decorative animals (aquarium fish from wild), etc.
Provisioning of genetic resources
Wild and/or traditional variants and races for crop, fruit and livestock, genetic resources for pharmaceutical industry, etc.
Source: own presentation, based on MA (2005), de Groot et al. (2010), UK NEA (2011), Kettunen et al. (2013)