]' 'l'HOUGHT

The different forms of knowledge taught in these schools are known bl the following names: (1) Nyaya 1, (2) Vedanta, (3) Mlmo.mBa, (4) Sank"'ya, (5) Pata:ndala, (6) Vai8e8hika.

The first of these sohools, the Saiva, founded by Gautama 2; who came from Tirat, near Patna, on the borders of the Ganges, is held to surpass the others in Parka-saBtra, i. e. Logio. It reoognizes four sources of knowledge, viz. (1) PratyakBha, or the testimony of the senses rightly exercised; (2) Anumo.M, or natural and visible signs, as for insta.nce smoke, whioh is proof of the presence of fire ; (3) Upamo.M, or Upamo., or the application of a known definition to an unkno~ objeot still to be defined; (4) Aptlta-sa"bdam, or the authori~y of infallible texts, whioh authority they asoribe to the Vedas, so far as religion and tl1e worship of the gods are ooncerned, a.nd to the maxims of Gautama, their founder, so far as other matters are ooncerned.