ABSTRACT
We humans substantially benefit from goods and services provided by ecosystems (MA 2005), and we cannot survive without these ecosystem services. Nevertheless, those have been perceived as externalities; their genuine values have not been evaluated in the market and in policies, rather, ecosystems are recognized as valueless. As a result, development and over-extraction providing easily visible economic profits have been prioritized thus far, and so ecosystems have been continuously degraded at the global level.
