ABSTRACT
Over the last 20 years there has been a proliferation of methods to measure and analyse corruption. Initial efforts in the early 1990s focused largely on comparing perceived levels of corruption across countries as a means of raising public awareness and building momentum for change (examples include Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators). More recently, in recognition of the inherent challenges in translating country-level perception data into policy-relevant findings, two important trends have begun to emerge. First, there has been a shift towards assessment tools that aim to gather more detailed information on specific corruption problems from stakeholders at the sector and sub-national levels to inform targeted anti-corruption interventions. Second, greater efforts are now being made to measure the levels of transparency, accountability and integrity in public and private institutions alike as a means of identifying those areas in which corruption risks are most acute.
