ABSTRACT
By "modernization" I mean the introduction of methods of political and economic organization, and techniques of production, transport and communications, derived from those employed in European states, all of which substantially modified the structure of the antecedent traditional society. The term "reaction" is used quite literally, to signify the response of elements in the traditional society to modernization: it does not signify a value-judgment. "The Sudan" is used in the sense it acquired during the nineteenth century, to mean the territories of the eastern biliid al-Sudiin which were brought under Egyptian rule-substantially the area of the present-day Republic of the Sudan.
