ABSTRACT
The concept 'lying' encompasses that of 'cover'. To lie is also to withhold information, but it is something more as well: a liar acts to deflect his victim away from the truth, and thus lying highlights deception's positive side. Liars create and perpetrate falsities and seek to fasten a victim's attention to them. In the narrow sense, to lie simply means making an untrue statement, but in a broader sense it can also involve manipulating the context surrounding the statement in order to enhance its veracity.3 This is what we mean by artifice, an important element of nearly all strategic deceptions.
