ABSTRACT
PRE-WORLD WAR ANTECEDENTS Intelligence methods of the Red Army in the years after the World War and Russian Civil War were shaped in part by pre-war military regulations and by razvedka practices of those two wars. The basic regulation (Ustav) governing Russian Army intelligence activities before and during the World War was the 1912 Field Service Regulations which defined razvedka as:
The gathering of information about the enemy and about the region in which one has to operate. ... Razvedka of the enemy consists of investigating and determining the strength, dispositions, and actions of the enemy. Razvedka of the region determines [enemy] qualities which may influence the disposition and actions of forces.1
