ABSTRACT
We may start with the gross changes in efficiency as scored, and analyze them back into the elements which constitute them, or we may start with the elementary changes found in the simplest facts of learning and show how certain of these facts, when happening together in a certain way, produce the gross changes in efficiency as scored. Both procedures lead, I believe, to the same conclusion-that improvement is the addition or subtraction of bonds or the addition or subtraction of satisfyingness and annoyingness . When any function is improved, either some response is being put with, or disjoined from, some situation; or some state of affairs is being made more satisfying or more annoying. The rise of the practice curve parallels the growth of a system of habits, attitudes and interests.
