ABSTRACT
The scientifi c culture that dominates business schools seemed to have started in the 1950s in response to two studies that were sharply critical of business-school education as it was practiced at that time. The publication of the Gordon and Howell and Pierson reports funded by Ford Foundation and Carnegie Foundations, respectively, motivated business schools to become more analytical and rigorous in their approach to management education.1 Both of these reports criticized business-school education as being too vocationally oriented and consequently lacking academic respectability. These reports argued that management had become more of a science with the development of decision-making tools during the war years and provided generous funding to promote reforms of teaching and research along these lines. These eff orts vastly improved business-school education and helped it attain academic respectability.
