ABSTRACT
This next section presents critical reviews of research conducted in the areas associated with instructional design (ID). The scientific method involves five major categories of disciplined inquiry. A given scientist is rarely involved in each category and, in fact, involvement in each could lead to a conflict of interest. The categories are (a) philosophy, a logical belief system and universal statement concerning a given phenomenon; (b) theory, a rigorous statement of predictable outcomes of independent variables defined in a theory; (c) research, a laboratory procedure employed to verify a theory by testing of hypotheses; (d) model, a representation of a given theory elaborated by research findings; and (e) application, the process of diffusing, disseminating, and/or implementing research findings in real-world community.
