ABSTRACT
Indians and African Americans have shared a past and often differed over the significance of "land" versus "freedom." African American, Cherokee, and Muskogee cultures were consubstantial, i.e. they did not and could not exist without each other. Persons of African American and Native American descent among the Muskogees and Cherokees shared geography, culture, and history. This history was affected by the expansion of European Americans and human chattel slavery.
