ABSTRACT

In developing countries, the first priority in policymaking is to provide employment and income opportunities. Pollution is typically thought to grow as income grows—at least at the lower end of the Kuznets curve (see Chapter 2). In many developing countries as well as in the more industrialized of the formerly planned economies in central and eastern Europe (CEE), pollution from industries creates the majority of emissions. 1 In the richer countries, environmental protection agencies typically targeted industrial pollution first because industries are relatively easier to control (because they are large, immobile, visible, and have at least some economic resources at their disposal). Most of the environmental protection agencies of poorer countries do likewise and start by regulating industries. One difference is that these agencies typically are more aware of the clean technologies that are available than the OECD countries were when they started their process of cleanup. 2