ABSTRACT
Malaysia and Thailand are resource-rich, export-oriented economies. Forty years ago, both economies produced and exported primary commodities. Malaysia specialized in rubber and tin; Thailand, in rice, tin, teak, and rubber (Jomo K.S. 1986; Ingram 1971). Following successful, if short-lived (particularly in Malaysia), import-substitution industrialization programs that helped diversify their economies, both turned to the promotion of foreign investment and the exporting of manufactures (Lee 1986; Rock 2000d). The combination of successful import-substitution and export-oriented industrialization programs facilitated rapid expansion in manufactures, manufactured exports, and industrial pollution loads. 1
