ABSTRACT
Toronto metros USA 1960-1990 125,000 California, New
producing region; its export market included Great Britain. Two major colonial initiatives produced a conducive environment: (1) several irrigation projects were developed by diverting river waters leading to the development of Canal Colonies in the western districts; (2) the emergence of Punjab as a favourite region of recruitment for imperial armies (Brief 1984). These two developments in combination encouraged Punjabis to venture out, first within the province from central districts to newly irrigated wastelands of the western areas, and abroad. The Canal Colonies established in wasteland areas, called "bars", led to interdistrict migration, enabling thousands of Jat Sikh peasants of Amritsar, Jullundur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Ludhiana to reach the Canal Colony districts of Lahore, Lyallpur, Multan, Montgomery, Jhang and Shahpur. Two new cities of Lyallpur and Montgomery were established and soon grew up into busy trading centres.
