ABSTRACT
I N Part I11 a number of pastoral peoples were considered. Ranging in their situations from the Equator to the Arctic Circle and depending primarily on very different animals put to varying uses, they have afforded a view of the wide variety of physical, economic and social conditions implied
A,, by the general term 'pastoralism'. Pastoralism as a dominant World economy has been developed only in the Old World. I t is
true that domestic varieties of the native 'camel' (guanaco and vicuiia) of South America were reared in large herds in the higher civilization of the Andean plateaux, but live stock was there an auxiliary and integral part of a developed agricultural and sedentary civilization. The flesh of the llama (the domesticated guanaco) was eaten to a certain extent, but this animal served mainly to carry burdens in large trains, while the alpaca (the domesticated vicuiia) was kept only for its wool. No autonomous or semi-independent communities of herders were found either within or beyond the orbit of the native Peruvian civilization. The only truly pastoral people in the New World are the Navajo of the North American Southwest, and their present economy has been developed subsequent to and consequent on the Spanish introduction of sheep and horses, already completely domesticated and associated with fixed patterns or uses. The Navajo are indeed of great interest, for they afford an instance of the transformation of a hunting and collecting people into pastoralists within a known period of time and as a result of known factors. The Navajo use their live stock for some of the purposes to which they were put by the Spanish with whom they came in contact. Of new uses (such as, for example, the milking of sheep) they have discovered none. They illustrate within recent times a happening which must have occurred many times in the history of the Old World, and their pastoralism is a transplanted variant of the Old World economy of horsemen herding sheep. I t is important to realize in this connexion that the Navajo who graze their stock on the scanty pastures and scrub of the semiarid mesas and river basins of the Southwest, were not
instructed in their economy by any other dominantly pastoral people, and that from their contacts with the Spanish with their complex economy, they selected only certain stockbreeding elements. They adopted neither cattle, unsuited to their arid territory, nor wheeled carts, which were too complex for a stone age community.
