Reduction of State Anxiety Via Instructional Design in Computer-Based Learning Environments

Although it has been recognized that anxiety can interfere with the learning process (Sarason, 1960; Spielberger, 1966b, 1972c), there has been relatively little research concerned with reducing anxiety per se in realistic learning situations. The purpose of this chapter is to review a number of studies in computer-based learning environments in which instructional procedures were modified in attempts to reduce anxiety directly.