ABSTRACT

This comprehensive and up-to-date encyclopedia on human rights issues from 1945 to the present includes more than 400 entries on incidents and violations, instruments and initiatives, countries, and human rights activities. Its scope is global, and its purpose is both to sum up the accomplishments in human rights in our time and also to point out and describe the violations that continue to be perpetrated around the world.

Entries cover major issues; incidents and violations; concepts and terms; activists; organizations; and human rights instruments. Entries cover more than 50 countries, from Afghanistan to Yugoslavia. Entries conclude with suggestions for further readings; and a timeline of significant dates since 1945 and the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are also included.

letter |26 pages

A

entry |1 pages

Aboriginal Peoples

entry |2 pages

Abortion

entry |1 pages

Academic Freedom And Human Rights

entry |1 pages

Human Rights Watch

entry |2 pages

Adjudication

entry |2 pages

Advisory Services In The Field Of Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Affirmative Action

entry |2 pages

Afghanistan

entry |2 pages

African Charter On Human And Peoples' Rights

entry |1 pages

African Commission On Human And Peoples' Rights

entry |1 pages

African National Congress

entry |2 pages

Age Of Consent

entry |2 pages

Aids And Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Algeria

entry |2 pages

Aliens

entry |2 pages

American Convention On Human Rights

entry |1 pages

American Declaration Of The Rights And Duties Of Man

entry |2 pages

Amnesty International

entry |2 pages

Amnesty Laws

entry |1 pages

Anti-Semitism

entry |2 pages

Anti-Slavery Society International

entry |2 pages

Apartheid

entry |1 pages

Arab Organization For Human Rights

entry |3 pages

Arab World And Human Rights. Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Arbitrary Arrest And Detention

entry |1 pages

Argentina

entry |2 pages

Armed Conflict

entry |1 pages

Armenia

entry |3 pages

Asian Values

entry |1 pages

Assembly And Association

entry |1 pages

Associated Country Women Of The World

entry |2 pages

Asylum

entry |1 pages

Atlantic Charter

entry |1 pages

Aung San Suu Kyi

entry |2 pages

Australia

entry |1 pages

Azerbaijan

letter |11 pages

B

entry |1 pages

Bahai International Community

entry |1 pages

Baltic States

entry |2 pages

Bangkok Declaration

entry |3 pages

Bangladesh

entry |1 pages

Banjul Charter On Human And People'S Rights

entry |1 pages

Basic Principles For The Protection Of Civilians In Armed Conflict

entry |1 pages

Basic Principles On The Independence Of The Judiciary

entry |1 pages

Beijing Declaration And Platform For Action

entry |1 pages

Beijing Rules

entry |2 pages

B'Nai B'Rith International

entry |2 pages

Bonded Labor

entry |2 pages

Bosnia-Herzegovina

entry |2 pages

Brazil

entry |1 pages

Brutland Commission

entry |1 pages

Buddhism

entry |3 pages

Burma

entry |2 pages

Business Corporations And Human Rights

letter |41 pages

C

entry |1 pages

Cairo Declaration On Human Rights In Islam

entry |2 pages

Cambodia

entry |3 pages

Canada

entry |2 pages

Capital Punishment

entry |2 pages

Carter, Jimmy (James Earl, Jr.) (1924-)

entry |1 pages

Catholic Church

entry |1 pages

Centre For Human Rights

entry |1 pages

Charter Of The International Military Tribunal

entry |2 pages

Charter On Sexual Harassment In The Workplace

entry |2 pages

Chechnya

entry |2 pages

Child, Rights Of

entry |2 pages

Child Labor

entry |3 pages

Chile

entry |3 pages

China

entry |1 pages

Christianity

entry |1 pages

Circumcision

entry |2 pages

Civil And Political Rights

entry |4 pages

Cloning And Biomedicine

entry |1 pages

Code Of Conduct For Law Enforcement Officials

entry |2 pages

Collectivization

entry |2 pages

Commission On Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Commission On The Status Of Women

entry |1 pages

Committee Against Torture

entry |2 pages

Committee Of Ministers Of The Council Of Europe

entry |1 pages

Committee On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights

entry |2 pages

Committee On Nongovernmental Organizations

entry |1 pages

Committee On The Elimination Of Discrimination Against Women

entry |2 pages

Committee On The Elimination Of Racial Discrimination

entry |1 pages

Committee On The Exercise Of The Inalienable Rights Of The Palestinian People

entry |2 pages

Compensation For Victims Of Human Rights Abuse

entry |1 pages

The 1985 Un Declaration Of Basic Principles Of Justice For Victims Of Crime And Abuse Of Power

entry |1 pages

Conditionality

entry |2 pages

Convention Against Discrimination In Education

entry |2 pages

Convention Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment

entry |1 pages

Convention Concerning Equal Opportunities And Equal Treatment For Men And Women Workers: Workers With Family Responsibilities

entry |2 pages

Convention Concerning Equal Remuneration For Men And Women Workers For Work Of Equal Value

entry |2 pages

Convention Concerning Maternity Protection

entry |2 pages

Convention For The Suppression Of The Traffic In Persons And The Exploitation Of The Prostitution Of Others

entry |2 pages

Convention On Consent To Marriage, Minimum Age For Marriage And Registration Of Marriages

entry |1 pages

Convention On Human Rights And Biomedicine.

entry |2 pages

Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women

entry |2 pages

Convention On The Nationality Of Married Women

entry |1 pages

Convention On The Non-Applicability Of The Statutory Limitations To War Crimes And Crimes Against Humanity

entry |2 pages

Convention On The Political Rights Of Women

entry |2 pages

Convention On The Prevention And Punishment Of The Crime Of Genocide

entry |2 pages

Convention On The Reduction Of Statelessness

entry |1 pages

Convention On The Rights Of The Child

entry |2 pages

Convention Relating To The Status Of Refugees

entry |1 pages

Convention Relating To The Status Of Refugees: Protocol

entry |2 pages

Convention Relating To The Status Of Stateless Persons

entry |1 pages

Copenhagen Declaration And Programme Of Action

entry |1 pages

Costa Rica

entry |2 pages

Council Of Europe

entry |1 pages

Crimes Against Humanity

entry |2 pages

Crimes Against Peace

entry |1 pages

Croatia

entry |2 pages

Cuba

entry |1 pages

Cultural Life

entry |1 pages

Czechoslovakia

letter |27 pages

D

entry |1 pages

Dalai Lama

entry |1 pages

Dalits

entry |1 pages

Dayton Accords

entry |1 pages

Death Penalty

entry |1 pages

Death Squads

entry |1 pages

Debt Bondage

entry |1 pages

Decalogue

entry |2 pages

Declaration Concerning Essentials Of Peace

entry |2 pages

Declaration For The Protection Of War Victims

entry |1 pages

Declaration Of A Global Ethic

entry |2 pages

Declaration Of The Basic Principles Of Justice For Victims Of Crime And Abuse Of Power

entry |1 pages

Declaration Of The Rights Of The Child

entry |2 pages

Declaration On Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources

entry |1 pages

Declaration On Race And Racial Prejudice

entry |2 pages

Declaration On Social And Legal Principles Relating To The Protection And Welfare Of Children, With Special Reference To Foster Placement And Adoption Nationally And Internationally

entry |2 pages

Declaration On Territorial Asylum

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Intolerance And Of Discrimination Based On Religion Or Belief

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Elimination Of Violence Against Women

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Granting Of Independence To Colonial Countries And Peoples

entry |1 pages

Declaration On The Human Rights Of Individuals Who Are Not Nationals Of The Country In Which They Live

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Promotion Among Youth Of The Ideals Of Peace, Mutual Respect And Understanding Between Peoples

entry |1 pages

Declaration On The Protection Of All Persons From Being Subject To Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Protection Of All Persons From Enforced Disappearance

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Protection Of Women And Children In Emergency Armed Conflict

entry |1 pages

Declaration On The Right Of Peoples To Peace

entry |3 pages

Declaration On The Rights Of Disabled Persons

entry |1 pages

Declaration On The Rights Of Mentally Retarded Persons

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Rights Of Persons Belonging To National Or Ethnic, Religious And Linguistic Minorities

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Right To Development

entry |2 pages

Declaration On The Use Of Scientific And Technological Progress In The Interest Of Peace And For The Benefit Of Mankind

entry |1 pages

Defense For Children International

entry |1 pages

Delhi Declaration

entry |2 pages

Democratic Entitlement

entry |1 pages

Deportation

entry |1 pages

Derogation

entry |2 pages

Detention

entry |1 pages

Development

entry |1 pages

Disabled Persons

entry |1 pages

Disappearance Of Persons

entry |2 pages

Discrimination

entry |1 pages

Domestic Violence

entry |1 pages

Draft Additional Protocol To The Convention On Human Rights And Biomedicine On The Prohibition Of Cloning Human Beings

entry |2 pages

Drugs And Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Duties

letter |14 pages

E

entry |1 pages

Earth Charter

entry |2 pages

East Timor

entry |2 pages

Economic And Social Council

entry |2 pages

Economic, Social And Cultural Rights

entry |2 pages

Education

entry |2 pages

Employment

entry |4 pages

Environment

entry |2 pages

Equality

entry |2 pages

Ethnic Cleansing

entry |1 pages

European Commission On Human Rights

entry |2 pages

European Convention On Human Rights

entry |1 pages

European Court Of Human Rights

entry |2 pages

European Social Charter

entry |2 pages

Expulsion

letter |9 pages

F

entry |2 pages

Fact-Finding

entry |2 pages

Fair Trial

entry |2 pages

Family

entry |1 pages

Final Solution

entry |1 pages

Finland

entry |1 pages

First Generation Rights

entry |2 pages

First Tranche

entry |1 pages

Food

entry |2 pages

Forced Labor

entry |2 pages

Framework Convention For The Protection Of National Minorities

entry |1 pages

Freedom Of Information

entry |1 pages

Freedom Of Thought, Conscience And Religion

entry |2 pages

Friends World Committee For Consultation

entry |2 pages

Fundamentalism

letter |8 pages

G

entry |2 pages

Gandhi, Mohandas K. Aramchand

entry |1 pages

Gay Rights

entry |2 pages

General Assembly

entry |1 pages

Generations Of Rights

entry |2 pages

Geneva Conventions

entry |2 pages

Genital Mutilation

entry |2 pages

Genocide

entry |1 pages

Global Civil Society

entry |1 pages

Global Ethic

entry |2 pages

Gorbachev, Mikhail S

entry |1 pages

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

entry |1 pages

Guatemala

entry |1 pages

Gulag Archipelago

letter |13 pages

H

entry |2 pages

Haiti

entry |1 pages

Hamas

entry |2 pages

Havel, VÁClav

entry |1 pages

Health

entry |1 pages

Helsinki Accords

entry |1 pages

Helsinki Watch

entry |1 pages

High Commissioner

entry |1 pages

Hinduism

entry |2 pages

Holy See

entry |1 pages

Homosexuality

entry |1 pages

Housing

entry |2 pages

Human Dimension (Mechanism)

entry |2 pages

Human Rights

entry |1 pages

Human Rights And Peace

entry |1 pages

Human Rights And Youth

entry |4 pages

Human Rights Commissions (Regional)

entry |1 pages

Human Rights Committee

entry |2 pages

Human Rights Day

entry |1 pages

Human Rights Watch

entry |1 pages

Hunger And Malnutrition

letter |24 pages

I

entry |2 pages

India

entry |2 pages

Indigenous Peoples

entry |1 pages

Individual Petition

entry |1 pages

Indonesia

entry |1 pages

Information

entry |1 pages

Inkatha

entry |2 pages

Inter-American Charter Of Social Guarantees

entry |2 pages

Inter-American Commission Of Women

entry |1 pages

Inter-American Commission On Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Inter-American Convention On The Forced Disappearance Of Persons

entry |1 pages

Inter-American Convention On The Granting Of Civil Rights To Women

entry |1 pages

Inter-American Convention On The Granting Of Political Rights To Women

entry |2 pages

Inter-American Convention On The Prevention, Punishment And Eradication Of Violence Against Women

entry |2 pages

Inter-American Court Of Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Inter-American Declaration On Racial Integration In The Americas

entry |1 pages

International Bill Of Human Rights

entry |1 pages

International Campaign To Ban Land Mines

entry |1 pages

International Catholic Child Bureau

entry |1 pages

International Committee Of The Red Cross

entry |1 pages

International Conference On Human Rights

entry |2 pages

International Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Racial Discrimination

entry |2 pages

International Convention On The Protection Of The Rights Of All Migrant Workers And Members Of Their Families

entry |2 pages

International Convention On The Suppression And Punishment Of The Crime Of Apartheid

entry |2 pages

International Court Of Justice

entry |1 pages

International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights

entry |1 pages

International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights

entry |1 pages

International Covenants On Human Rights

entry |2 pages

International Criminal Court

entry |1 pages

International Helsinki Federation

entry |2 pages

International Labor Organization

entry |1 pages

International Law Commission

entry |1 pages

International Tribunals

entry |1 pages

Inter-Parliamentary Union

entry |1 pages

Interventionism

entry |2 pages

Intifadah

entry |1 pages

Israel

entry |2 pages

Iraq

entry |1 pages

Islam

entry |3 pages

Israel

letter |2 pages

J

entry |1 pages

Journalists

entry |1 pages

Judaism

entry |2 pages

Judiciary

letter |8 pages

K

entry |2 pages

Kashmir

entry |2 pages

Kent State Tragedy

entry |1 pages

Khmer Rouge

entry |3 pages

King, Rodney G

entry |2 pages

Kosovo

entry |2 pages

Kurdistan

entry |2 pages

Kuwait

entry |1 pages

Kyoto Protocol On Climate Change

letter |6 pages

L

entry |2 pages

Land Mines

entry |1 pages

Latvia

entry |1 pages

Laws Of War

entry |3 pages

Lesbian And Gay Rights

entry |2 pages

Liberation Theology

entry |2 pages

Liberty And Security Of Person

entry |1 pages

Louima, Abner

letter |10 pages

M

entry |2 pages

Mandela, Nelson (1918–)

entry |1 pages

Mao Zedong (1893–1976)

entry |1 pages

Maori

entry |1 pages

Marriage And The Family

entry |3 pages

Mexico

entry |1 pages

Migrant Workers

entry |1 pages

Milosevic, Slobodan (1941–)

entry |2 pages

Minorities

entry |1 pages

Moral And Material Interests

entry |2 pages

Motherhood And Childhood

entry |1 pages

Moscow Mechanism

entry |2 pages

Mothers Of The Plaza De Mayo

entry |2 pages

Movement And Residence

entry |1 pages

Myanmar

entry |2 pages

My Lai Massacre

letter |11 pages

N

entry |2 pages

Nagorno-Karabakh

entry |1 pages

Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies For The Advancement Of Women

entry |2 pages

Nationality

entry |1 pages

Nation-Building

entry |2 pages

Natural Law

entry |3 pages

New World Information And Communications Order

entry |2 pages

Nigeria

entry |1 pages

Non-Derogation

entry |2 pages

Nongovernmental Organization

entry |1 pages

Non-Intervention

entry |2 pages

Northern Ireland

entry |1 pages

Nunca Mas

entry |1 pages

Nuremberg War Crimes Trials

entry |1 pages

Nyerere, Julius (1922–)

letter |6 pages

O

entry |1 pages

Object Of International Law

entry |2 pages

Obligation To Implement Human Rights Covenants. Human Rights

entry |3 pages

Office Of High Commissioner For Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Opinion And Expression

entry |1 pages

Organization For Security And Co-Operation In Europe

entry |2 pages

Organization Of African Unity

entry |1 pages

Organization Of American States

entry |1 pages

Oslo Accords

letter |17 pages

P

entry |1 pages

Pact Of San Jose

entry |1 pages

Pakistan

entry |2 pages

Palestine Liberation Organization

entry |1 pages

Palme, Olaf (1927–1986)

entry |1 pages

Parliament Of The World'S Religions

entry |1 pages

Peoples

entry |1 pages

Petition

entry |2 pages

Philippines

entry |2 pages

Physical And Mental Health

entry |2 pages

Physicians For Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Poland

entry |1 pages

Polisario

entry |1 pages

Political Rights

entry |1 pages

Pol Pot

entry |2 pages

Poverty

entry |2 pages

Principles Of International Co-Operation In The Detection, Arrest, Extradition And Punishment Of War Crimes And Crimes Against Humanity

entry |2 pages

Principles Of International Law Recognized In The Charter And In The Judgment Of The Nuremberg Tribunal

entry |2 pages

Principles Of Medical Ethics Relevant To The Role Of Health Professionals, Particularly Physicians, In The Protection Of Prisoners And Detainees Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment

entry |1 pages

Privacy

entry |3 pages

Procedural Guarantees, Processes And Protections

entry |2 pages

Proclamation Of Teheran

entry |2 pages

Propaganda

entry |2 pages

Property

entry |1 pages

Prostitution

entry |2 pages

Public Emergency

entry |1 pages

Purge

letter |1 pages

Q

entry |1 pages

Quebec

letter |19 pages

R

entry |1 pages

Racial Discrimination

entry |3 pages

Racism

entry |2 pages

Rape

entry |1 pages

Ratification

entry |1 pages

Red Cross Conventions

entry |1 pages

Red Cross Movement

entry |1 pages

Refugees

entry |2 pages

Relativism And Universalism

entry |2 pages

Religion And Human Rights

entry |2 pages

Religious Intolerance And Discrimination

entry |1 pages

Remedy

entry |1 pages

Rest, Leisure And Reasonable Limitation On Working Hours

entry |1 pages

Right Of Petition

entry |1 pages

Right To Development

entry |1 pages

Right To Leave And Return

entry |3 pages

Right To Life

entry |1 pages

Rio Declaration

entry |2 pages

Romania

entry |2 pages

Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884–1962)

entry |2 pages

Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945)

entry |3 pages

Russia

entry |2 pages

Rwanda

letter |27 pages

S

entry |2 pages

Saami

entry |2 pages

Safeguards Guaranteeing The Protection Of The Rights Of Those Facing The Death Penalty

entry |1 pages

Sakharov, Andrei D. (1921–1989)

entry |2 pages

Saudi Arabia

entry |2 pages

Discrimination

entry |1 pages

Science And Technology

entry |2 pages

Security Council

entry |2 pages

Self-Determination

entry |3 pages

Serbia

entry |1 pages

Sexual Harassment

entry |2 pages

Sharia

entry |1 pages

Sharpeville Massacre

entry |2 pages

Sikhs

entry |2 pages

Singapore

entry |3 pages

Slavery, The Slave Trade, And Slavery-Like Practices

entry |2 pages

Social Security

entry |2 pages

Soka Gakkai International

entry |3 pages

South Africa

entry |1 pages

Sovereignty

entry |2 pages

Human rights

entry |2 pages

Stalin, Joseph V

entry |2 pages

Standard Minimum Rules For The Treatment Of Prisoners

entry |2 pages

Standard Of Living

entry |1 pages

Standard-Setting

entry |1 pages

Statelessness

entry |1 pages

State Of Emergency

entry |2 pages

Sterilization

entry |1 pages

Stockholm Declaration Of The United Nations Conference On The Human Environment

entry |1 pages

Structural Adjustment Loans

entry |2 pages

Sub-Commission On The Prevention Of Discrimination And Protection Of Minorities

entry |1 pages

Subject Of International Law

entry |1 pages

Sudan

entry |1 pages

Superior Orders

letter |8 pages

T

entry |1 pages

Third Generation Rights.

entry |2 pages

Thought, Conscience And Religion.

entry |1 pages

Tibet.

entry |1 pages

Tienanmen Square.

entry |2 pages

Tokyo War Crimes Trials.

entry |1 pages

Torture.

entry |1 pages

Toxic And Dangerous Products And Wastes.

entry |1 pages

Traffic In Persons And The Exploitation Of The Prostitution Of Others.

entry |3 pages

A. A three-way trade

entry |2 pages

Trusteeship Council.

entry |2 pages

Truth Commissions.

entry |2 pages

Turkey.

entry |1 pages

Tutu, Desmond.

letter |17 pages

U

entry |3 pages

United Kingdom.

entry |2 pages

United Nations Charter.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Children Fund.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Commission On Human Rights.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Commission On The Status Of Women.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Conference On The Human Environment.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Decade For Women.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Draft Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Economic And Social Council.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization.

entry |1 pages

United Nations General Assembly.

entry |1 pages

United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights.

entry |1 pages

United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Human Rights Commission.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Human Rights Committee.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Secretariat.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Security Council.

entry |2 pages

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules For The Administration Of Juvenile Justice.

entry |1 pages

United Nations Sub-Commission On Prevention Of Discrimination And Protection Of Minorities.

entry |2 pages

United Nations University.

entry |2 pages

United Nations Voluntary Fund For Advisory Services And Technical Assistance In The Field Of Human Rights.

entry |3 pages

United States.

entry |5 pages

Universal Declaration Of Human Responsibilities

entry |1 pages

Universalism And Relativism.

entry |2 pages

University For Peace.

entry |1 pages

Ussr (Soviet Union).

letter |2 pages

V

entry |1 pages

Vienna Conference On Human Rights.

entry |1 pages

Vienna Declaration And Programme Of Action.

entry |1 pages

Vienna Mechanism.

entry |1 pages

Vietnam War.

entry |2 pages

Visa.

letter |10 pages

W

entry |1 pages

Walesa, Lech.

entry |1 pages

War Crimes.

entry |3 pages

War Crimes Tribunals.

entry |2 pages

Western Sahara.

entry |1 pages

Williams, Jody.

entry |1 pages

Women.

entry |1 pages

Women'S International League For Peace And Freedom.

entry |1 pages

Work.

entry |1 pages

Workers With Family Responsibilities.

entry |1 pages

Working Groups.

entry |2 pages

World Charter For Nature.

entry |2 pages

World Conferences On Human Rights.

entry |2 pages

World Conferences On Women.

entry |1 pages

World Court.

entry |2 pages

World Federalist Movement.

entry |2 pages

World Health Organization.

letter |1 pages

X

entry |1 pages

Xhosa

letter |2 pages

Y

entry |1 pages

Yamashita, Tomoyuki (1885–1946)

entry |1 pages

Year Of The Child

entry |1 pages

Yellow Peril

entry |1 pages

Yugoslavia

letter |1 pages

Z

entry |1 pages

Zionism