ABSTRACT
The Cold War, with its enormous financial, human, and planetary costs, had no victors, recently observed George Frost Kennan, once a chief architect of the “containment” of the Soviet Union. If William Appleman Williams had lived to read this acknowledgment, he surely would have recognized the conclusions that he himself had reached over four decades earlier. Arguably the most influential and controversial American historian since Charles Austin Beard, Williams had at least sounded the warning.
