ABSTRACT

It is hardly necessary to follow further developments since Chinese medicine was now firmly established in Japan (Fig. 64), all ready for the first observations of Westerners which we shall consider in a moment. A doctorate in acupuncture and moxa (shinkyu hakushi4) appears again in an edict of + 1362.g From the + 9th century onwards Chinese merchants habitually traded with Japan, either in their own ships or in those of Silla or Koryn, or in trading-vessels of Chinese type built at Nagasaki and other Japanese ports;h and large quantities of medicines and medical books were exported thither from China. i But they were not always very clearly understood, so the appearance of a Chinese physician, Cheng I-Yuan,s in the late + 15th century at Nagasaki, where he settled, much improved Japanese medical learning and practice) After + 1640 others came, such as the Buddhist scholar-poet and physician Tai ManKung6 (+ 1596 to + 1672).k By the nineteenth century four principal schools of acupuncture had differentiated (e.g. the Daimyo-ryu,7 the Yoshida-ryu,8 etc.),1 lasting down almost to our own time. And moxa had its schools too (e.g. the Goto-ryu9).m

Naturally what happened to the north and east happened in the south also, and a The chronolog) of Chien-Chen's life is still a little uncertain, and it is not agreed among specialists

that he was in Japan twice. However we do have the names of the two student-priests who visited him in his temple at Yangchow and gave him the invitation-YoeiIo and Fusho. II

b A strange coincidence that he was of the same clan as Shunyii I (cf. p. 106). C During the N ara period there were four cultural and scientific missions accompanying Japanese

embassies to China, in +717, +733, +752 and +777. It was members of the second and third of these who evoked Chien-Chen's visits to Japan. There were usually four ships in each expedition, and many were wre,cked or blown in storms to Vietnam and other distant places.