ABSTRACT
This chapter provides the Standards and the Toulmin approach are both put to work with the principles of fairness and justice. It presents an introduction to Toulmin's concept of argument and argumentation, which is followed by a worked example of how to build an argument for fairness and justice principles and sub-principles. The chapter discusses how to evaluate arguments and issues related to the application of the fairness and justice argument approach to language assessment. Practically, when applying the Toulmin argumentation model, first, the principles of fairness and justice can be used to help generate the claims and sub-claims. In the Toulmin approach, an argument is an assertion or claim followed by supporting facts or evidence presented in order to convince the listener or reader of the assertion. For S. Toulmin et al., the individual elements of argumentation constitute the microstructure, whereas the whole structure of argumentation embodies the macrostructure of an argument.
