ABSTRACT
This chapter examines how the principles of fairness and justice can be advanced among a variety of assessment stakeholders, from the design to the consequences stages. It suggests that the way of advancing fairness and justice in language assessment is by training for ethical thinking with a series of hypothetical scenarios that cover the entire range of assessment activities, from design to research. Different levels of expertise may be required based on whether the assessment that is being developed is a large-scale assessment with high or low stakes. The chapter also suggests that way of advancing fairness and justice in the field is to offer curricula that cover ethical-critique matters along with the more traditional engineering-oriented and innovative-design curricula approaches. A popular way of understanding ethical decision-making and moral justification is to understand the three prominent contemporary methods of ethics: outcomes based, duty based, and virtue based.
