ABSTRACT
THE EXPERIMENTS of the Tanzimat reformers gave shape, under the impact of the conditions surveyed in the previous chapter, to a policy of secularism in the sense of bringing forth a differentiation between the “temporal” and “religious” in the Turkish-Islamic context. The developments in administration, law, education, and literature will illustrate the creation of a dual system, or a series of dichotomies that would eventually plunge the separationist or dualist secularism of the Tanzimat into the insoluble dilemma of the Constitution of 1876.
