ABSTRACT
THE CONTROVERSIES of the Westernists, Islamists, and Turkists may be reviewed best in terms of a list of problems drawn from the literature of 1908–18. The predominant issues were: (1) the quest for a revolutionary change; (2) the causes of the Turkish, or Muslim decline; (3) Western civilization and the scope for Westernization in the reforms; and (4) the reform of the institutions of state, religion, family, economy, education, and the complex of language, script, literature, and art. The first three issues will be discussed in the present chapter; the balance in Chapter 13.
