ABSTRACT
ALL OF THE CONTROVERSIES over the institutions of state, family, education, and economy were concerned with the social transformation (içtimaî inkilâp) so universally desired at the opening of the Meşrutiyet era. In their demands for programs of action, the Westernists and Islamists constituted polar opposites on almost every issue. The Turkists were between the two, sometimes representing a synthesis, and almost always gaining strength and influence.
