ABSTRACT
The Afr ican Americans who migrated N o r t h still faced harsh economic realities and vicious white racism. M o s t migrants could get only low-paying unskil led jobs, and were often crowded into segregated urban slums. Marcus Garvey was the leader who spoke most directly to the hopes, dreams, and disappointments of the urban black populat ion. Garvey urged A f r i c a n Americans to give up on integration (a central goal of groups like the N A A C P ) and work to create a separate black nation in A f r i c a , complete wi th an army to protect it. In the meantime, he stressed a program of self-help and racial pride to help Amer ican and Caribbean blacks to achieve economic and cultural independence.
