ABSTRACT
A f r i c a n Americans continued to leave the rural South in unprecedented n u m - bers in the 1920s. A n d despite the race riots of 1919, most continued to flock to industrial cities in the N o r t h . Already established black enclaves in cities like Chicago and N e w York beckoned to Southern A f r i c a n Americans and even Afro-Caribbeans like Marcus Garvey. Sociologists and demographers began to write about the "black metropol is"—a city wi th in a city containing a complex melange of workers, artists, entertainers, intellectuals, and businesspeople. Nowhere was this mixture more culturally significant than in H a r l e m , a black neighborhood in upper M a n h a t t a n . There black writers, entertainers, and artists created a movement that forever changed the arts in Amer ica .
