ABSTRACT
Introduction Tatar and Bashkir are closely related Volga Kipchak languages, belonging to the northwestern or Kipchak branch of Turkic languages. Tatar has been a written language since the second half of the nineteenth century, developed from the so-called Volga Turki language. The phonetic basis of modem literary Tatar is Kazan Tatar, whereas its morphology is based on the Mishar dialect. The modem Bashkir written language emerged after 1920 and is based on the so-called Mountain dialect.
