ABSTRACT
Several biochemical markers are used to identify the source of secretions within the ejaculate by the presence of different components (Table 6.1).
The World Health Organization (1999) has developed ‘strict criteria’ for sperm normality. Several classifications
Table 6.1 Some biochemical markers to identify the source of secretions within the ejaculate by the presence of different ejaculate components
Source of secretion Biochemical markers
Testes Androgen-binding protein Inhibin Testosterone Transferrin
Epididymal ducts Carnitine Glycerophosphorylcholine Inositol
Seminal vesicles Fructose Prostaglandins
Prostate Acid phosphatase Citrate Calcium, zinc Spermine Vesiculase
Bulbourethral/urethral glands IgA Mucoproteins
have been designed to describe sperm abnormalities (Figures 6.1-6.5; Tables 6.2 and 6.3). The following groups are of special physiological significance:
(1) Head abnormalities (Figures 6.6-6.9):
(a) large heads; (b) small heads; (c) elongated/tapering heads; (d) duplicated heads;
(e) amorphous heads; (f ) loose heads;
(2) Tail abnormalities;
(3) Neck/middle piece abnormalities;
(4) Cytoplasmic droplets.