Contents

List of Figures XI List of Tables XVII List of Acronyms XIX List of Symbols XXI Glossary XXVII List of Contributors XXXIII Preface XXXV

1 Challenges in urban groundwater modelling as an introduction to UGROW 1 1.1 The management of urban groundwater 1 1.2 What hydrogeological characteristics are unique to

urban groundwater systems? 2 1.2.1 Geology 4 1.2.2 Aquifer recharge 5 1.2.3 Aquifer discharge 9 1.2.4 Groundwater chemistry 10

1.3 The challenges for model representation of urban aquifers 14 1.4 Numerical modelling of groundwater in urban

areas – the state of the art 16 1.4.1 Developments in numerical modelling 17 1.4.2 The interim solution 18 1.4.3 The niche for UGROW 26

2 UGROW – the Urban GROundWater modelling system 29 2.1 Model concepts 29

2.1.1 General features 29 2.1.2 User interface 30 2.1.3 The database 31 2.1.4 Algorithms 32 2.1.5 Simulation models 32 2.1.6 Using UGROW 34

2.2 Model application 34 2.2.1 Physical model 34 2.2.2 The urban water balance 36 2.2.3 Scope of application 39

2.3 GROW: GROundWater flow simulation model 40 2.3.1 Introduction 40 2.3.2 Basic equations 41 2.3.3 External sources of recharge 51 2.3.4 Aquifer water balance 55 2.3.5 Numerical solutions 57

2.4 Unsaturated soil water movement (UNSAT) 67 2.4.1 Basic equations 67 2.4.2 Numerical solution 70 2.4.3 Boundary conditions 72 2.4.4 Simulation results 74

2.5 Surface runoff (RUNOFF) 74 2.5.1 Delineation 75 2.5.2 Time-area diagram and unit hydrograph 77 2.5.3 Direct runoff hydrograph 78

2.6 Model data 79 2.6.1 Terrain 79 2.6.2 Geology 82 2.6.3 Water 84

2.7 User interface 88 2.7.1 Program overview 88 2.7.2 General 3DNet functions 92 2.7.3 TERRAIN component 101 2.7.4 GEOLOGY component 103 2.7.5 GROW component 109

2.8 Model application 122 2.8.1 Calibration 123 2.8.2 Uncertainty 124 2.8.3 Sensitivity 124

3 UGROW applications – case studies 127 3.1 Testing and validation of UGROW in Rastatt, Germany 127

3.1.1 Scope and motivation 127 3.1.2 Geographical setting 127 3.1.3 Existing investigations and models available

for benchmarking 129 3.1.4 UGROW model setup 131 3.1.5 Model results 136 3.1.6 Summary and conclusions 145

3.2 Case study: Pancevacki Rit, Serbia 145 3.2.1 Introduction 145 3.2.2 Input data for UGROW 148 3.2.3 Simulation results 151 3.2.4 Conclusion 154

3.3 Case study: city of Bijeljina in Bosnia 154 3.3.1 Introduction 154 3.3.2 Geology and hydrogeology 158 3.3.3 Groundwater regime 158 3.3.4 Field measurements 158 3.3.5 Urban aquifer model 161 3.3.6 Concluding discussion 165

4 Conclusions 169 4.1 The urban sustainability challenge 169 4.2 UGROW as a tool for urban water system management 169 4.3 Validation and testing of UGROW 171 4.4 UGROW – the future 171

References 173 Index 181 Color Plates 185