ABSTRACT
As partially studied in Chapter 3, qiaoxiang, the hometowns of overseas Chinese, has a sought-after status in the context of China’s modernization. The southern coastal areas have had advantages in developing qiaoxiang, while the northern inland areas have suffered from disadvantages. Zanryū-hōjin have rapidly facilitated the development of new qiaoxiang in the Northeast within a short period, allowing these areas to close the gap with the traditional qiaoxiang in southern China, where overseas emigration took off centuries ago.
