ABSTRACT
Volunteers have played a major role in the efforts to assist zanryū-hōjin repatriation and settlement since 1972. Several activists emphasized to me that the efforts to assist the post-1972 zanryū-hōjin repatriation and settlement have largely been made by volunteers. Within Japan, there has been a proliferation in the number of NGOs that give help to zanryū-hōjin, as well as to the zanryū-koji’s adoptive parents in China.1 Such NGOs offer a wide range of services that may be difficult for governmental immigration-related policies to enforce objectively (Douglass and Roberts 2000: 10). As discussed in previous chapters, Japanese volunteerism has enhanced and improved immigration-related information, skills, channels, and legal loopholes for zanryū-hōjin migrants.
