Friction and Rivalry over Pious Mobility:British Colonial Management of the Hajj and Reaction to It by Indian Muslims,

Three subjects are treated in three separate sections in this essay: the transformation of the form and socio-economic context of the hajj between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, especially the fluctuation of the dominant shipping companies engaged in hajj transportation; the various attempts on the part of the British colonial authorities and European shipping capital to administer the hajj; and reactions to these attempts on the part of Muslims, particularly among the shippers.