ABSTRACT
Introduction During recent history, two of the most significant forces reshaping the built environment have been the threats of crime and terrorism. More specifically, physically constricting the opportunities for these activities and reducing their impact should they occur (for example, erecting bollards to mitigate the risk of vehicleborne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs)) has now become a key part of architects’ and urban planners’ work. This approach, dubbed ‘resilient design’ by some (see Coaffee et al., 2008), may be located in a wider shift where societies increasingly replace the threat of natural or environmental calamities with the risks of man-made threats (Beck, 1999).
