ABSTRACT
The introduction of auxiliaries, among them will for the future, German werden for the future and the passive, esse "be" for the perfect passive in Latin and others in other languages, has been thoroughly studied. The handbooks, like Jespersen's grammar of English, provide details. These have been reformulated in accordance with the views of individual scholars. The facts are clear; students may wish to examine them in accordance with their own views of language structure.
