ABSTRACT
Though the eastern emperors had come close to conflict as they divided up the domains of Galerius in the summer of 311, the western rulers actually went to war first in 312. Posing as the pious avenger of his father, Maxentius denied imperial recognition to Constantine, overthrew the statues of his rival in his domains, and declared war on the Gallic emperor in 311. Posing
Map 3 The Italian Campaign of 312.
