ABSTRACT
The Scandinavian states must rank among those which have been reduced by their small extent or feeble resources, by internal divisions or foreign wars, or by the slowness of their economic and social evolution, to playing only a secondary part in the history of labour. In 1448 the Union of Calmar, which had made Denmark, Norway and Sweden into one big monarchy, came to an end, and these states were never again all three united. We must therefore study their divergent and often antagonistic histories separately.
