ABSTRACT
Mutual help in the animal kingdom, and its contrary, mutual harm, form a much disputed section of animal sociology (see particularly Kropotkin). Cases of mutual assistance occur frequently ; it would be folly to deny them. But it is unwise to generalize too freely from these occur rences, or to regard them from a sentimental point of view. For it is also a fact that mutual harm plays a large part in the animal world, not only between members of the same species, but even between members of the same society.
