ABSTRACT
The Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika holds that there is one, eternal, ubiquitous space, which is not an object of perception. It is inferred from the spatial characters of proximity (aparatva) and remoteness (paratva). But the spatial characters of position, direction, and distance can be perceived directly through vision and touch. The Mīmāṁsakas also hold that these can be perceived directly through vision and touch. According to them, the spatial characters of direction and distance can be directly perceived through the auditory organ also.
