ABSTRACT
The practical duties of Islám are five in number, and are called Irkan-i-din, or pillars of religion. They are (i) Tashahhud, the recital of the Kalimah; (2) Salát, the five stated daily prayers; (3) Rozah, fasting, especially in the month of Ramazan; (4) Zakat, the legal alms; (5) Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. These are all farz duties, being based on a Naṣṣ-i-Z̤áhir, or clear sentence of the Qurán, a proof deduced from which is called dalíl-i-qata'í, or strong proof.
