ABSTRACT
We now move to a consideration of choice of the means of protection. Protection can take various forms. Imports can be restricted via specific and ad-valorem tariffs, import quotas, quota-tariff combinations, variable import levies, voluntary export restraints, domestic content requirement schemes, government purchasing restrictions, and various other non-tariff barriers that in subtle and not so subtle ways increase the cost of imports relative to domestically produced substitutes. Protection as a political decision encompasses choice among the various available instruments. Just as political motives can underlie the determination of levels of protection, so such motives can influence the means of protection that are chosen.
