ABSTRACT
The combination of the fall of Malaga on February 8 and the bloodletting at Jarama on February 27 made people aware that courage alone could not win battles. Even the flamboyant militias that defended University City in Madrid in 1936 were strengthened by experienced World War I veterans in the International Brigades who were scattered amongst them. Military training, some general, some specialized, would be necessary if the Republic was to build a versatile army and survive.
