ABSTRACT

This study eschews the uncritical acceptance of secondary sources that has characterized studies in this field, going back to and reinterpreting previously neglected primary sources, thereby enabling it to chart linkages between the European and Asian trades that have been regarded as parallel but unrelated (or at best competing) activities. In so doing, the work sheds new light on this crucial period.

chapter |25 pages

Introduction

chapter 1|53 pages

The Early Merchants, 1684–1740

chapter 2|49 pages

The Merchant-Bureaucrat, 1740–98

chapter 3|63 pages

The Leaders and Their Firms, 1684–1796

chapter 4|55 pages

Officials and the Trade

chapter 5|53 pages

Merchant Debts

chapter |42 pages

Reappraisal

chapter |7 pages

Histogram

Of Seventy-Nine Hong Merchants in the European Trade at Canton, 1686–1798