ABSTRACT
If we observe the process which we call instruction, we see two parties conjointly engaged - the learner and the teacher. The object of both is the same, but their relations to the work to be done are different … [The] essential part, the appropriation and assimilation of knowledge by the mind, can be performed by no one but the learner … [from which] … it follows that he is in fact his own teacher, and … that learning is self teaching … The Teacher’s part then in the process of instruction is that of a guide, director, or superintendent of the operations by which the pupil teaches himself. (Joseph Payne, 1883)
