ABSTRACT
The influence of the mass media on American history has been overwhelming. History of the Mass Media in the United States examines the ways in which the media both affects, and is affected by, U.S. society. From 1690, when the first American newspaper was founded, to 1995, this encyclopedia covers more than 300 years of mass media history. History of Mass Media in the United States contains more than 475 alphabetically arranged entries covering subjects ranging from key areas of newspaper history to broader topics such as media coverage of wars, major conflicts over press freedom, court cases and legislation, and the concerns and representation of ethnic and special interest groups. The editor and the 200 scholarly contributors to this work have taken particular care to examine the technological, legal, legislative, economic, and political developments that have affected the American media.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter 1|53 pages
A
entry |2 pages
Abolitionist Press
entry |1 pages
Accuracy in Media
entry |1 pages
Adless Newspapers
entry |1 pages
Advertising Agencies
entry |2 pages
Advertising and Minorities
entry |3 pages
Advertising Appeals
entry |1 pages
Advertising Awards
entry |1 pages
Advertising Copywriting
entry |2 pages
Advertising Council
entry |2 pages
Advertising in the Eighteenth Century
entry |2 pages
Advertising in the Nineteenth Century
entry |4 pages
Advertising in the Twentieth Century
entry |1 pages
Advertising Photography
entry |1 pages
Advertising Strategy
entry |1 pages
Advertising Trade Associations
entry |1 pages
Advertising Trade Press
entry |1 pages
Other Advertising Entries
entry |4 pages
African American Media
entry |1 pages
Agenda Setting
entry |2 pages
Agnew, Spiro T., and the Media
entry |1 pages
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
entry |1 pages
Almanacs
entry |2 pages
Alternative Press
entry |1 pages
AM Radio
entry |1 pages
American Library Association and Intellectual Freedom
entry |1 pages
American Newspaper Directory
entry |1 pages
American Revolution and the Press
entry |1 pages
American Tract Society
entry |3 pages
Animated Motion Pictures
entry |2 pages
Armed Forces Media
entry |3 pages
Army-McCarthy Hearings
entry |1 pages
Asian American Media
entry |1 pages
Associated Press
entry |1 pages
Audience Research for Broadcasting
entry |1 pages
Audience Research for Motion Pictures
entry |2 pages
Audience Research for Newspapers
entry |1 pages
Ayer, N.W., & Son
letter 2|58 pages
B
entry |1 pages
Barnum, P.T.
entry |1 pages
Barton, Bruce
entry |1 pages
Bell System
entry |1 pages
Bennett, James Gordon Sr.
entry |1 pages
Bernays, Edward L.
entry |1 pages
Best-Sellers
entry |1 pages
Better Business Bureau
entry |1 pages
Birth of a Nation, The
entry |1 pages
Black, Hugo Lafayette
entry |1 pages
Black Star Picture Agency
entry |1 pages
Blue Book
entry |1 pages
Bok, Edward W.
entry |2 pages
Book Clubs
entry |1 pages
Book Publishing Awards
entry |1 pages
Book Publishing in the Eighteenth Century
entry |4 pages
Book Publishing in the Nineteenth Century
entry |3 pages
Book Publishing in the Twentieth Century
entry |2 pages
Book Publishing Trade Organizations
entry |1 pages
Book Publishing Trade Publications
entry |1 pages
Other Book Entries
entry |2 pages
Boosterism
entry |1 pages
Brady, Mathew
entry |2 pages
Brandeis, Louis Dembitz
entry |3 pages
Brand-Name Advertising
entry |2 pages
British Antecedents of the American Press
entry |3 pages
Broadcast Advertising
entry |2 pages
Broadcast Awards
entry |2 pages
Broadcast Blacklisting
entry |5 pages
Broadcast Competition
entry |4 pages
Broadcast Documentaries
entry |1 pages
Broadcast Editorials
entry |3 pages
Broadcast Interview Shows
entry |1 pages
Broadcast Journalism
entry |3 pages
Broadcast Labor Organizations
entry |1 pages
Broadcast Licensing
entry |3 pages
Broadcast Newsmagazines
entry |2 pages
Broadcast Pioneers
entry |2 pages
Broadcast Propaganda
entry |2 pages
Broadcast Ratings
entry |3 pages
Broadcast Regulation
entry |3 pages
Broadcast Talk Shows
entry |1 pages
Broadcast Trade Organizations
entry |1 pages
Broadcast Trade Press
entry |1 pages
Other Broadcast Entries
entry |1 pages
Broadsides
entry |2 pages
Budget (B) Movies
entry |2 pages
Bureau of Advertising
entry |1 pages
Burnett, Leo Noble
entry |3 pages
Business Media
entry |2 pages
Business Regulation of the Press
letter 3|65 pages
C
entry |3 pages
Cable Networks
entry |2 pages
Cable News
entry |3 pages
Cable Television
entry |3 pages
Cameras in the Courtroom
entry |2 pages
Campaign Financing Reform and the Media
entry |1 pages
Campbell, John
entry |3 pages
Cartoons and Cartoonists
entry |2 pages
Censorship of Advertising
entry |2 pages
Censorship of Books
entry |3 pages
Censorship of Broadcasting
entry |3 pages
Censorship of Motion Pictures
entry |2 pages
Checkbook Journalism
entry |2 pages
Chicago Defender
entry |2 pages
Chicago Newspaper Trust
entry |1 pages
Chicago Tribune
entry |4 pages
Children's Television Programming
entry |4 pages
Civil War Photography
entry |4 pages
Civil War Press (North)
entry |2 pages
Civil War Press (South)
entry |1 pages
Civil War Public Relations
entry |1 pages
Classified Advertising
entry |3 pages
Codes of Ethics
entry |2 pages
Cold War and the Media
entry |3 pages
Colonial Press
entry |2 pages
Comic Books
entry |3 pages
Comic Strips
entry |2 pages
Commercialization of Broadcasting
entry |2 pages
Commercial Speech
entry |2 pages
Commission on Freedom of the Press
entry |3 pages
Committee on Public Information
entry |1 pages
Communications Act of 1934
entry |3 pages
Communication Satellite Technology
entry |2 pages
Community Access Television
entry |1 pages
Conrad, Frank
entry |2 pages
Contempt
entry |4 pages
Cooperative News Gathering
entry |2 pages
Copyright
entry |2 pages
Corporate Speech
entry |2 pages
Counteradvertising
entry |1 pages
Country Club Journalism
entry |2 pages
Creative Revolution
entry |1 pages
Credibility Gap
entry |3 pages
Crisis Management
entry |2 pages
Criticism of Advertising
entry |2 pages
Criticism of Broadcasting
entry |3 pages
Criticism of Newspapers
entry |1 pages
Cronkite, Walter
entry |2 pages
Cross-Media Ownership
entry |1 pages
Crystallizing Public Opinion
letter 4|13 pages
D
entry |2 pages
Davis, Jefferson, and the Press
entry |2 pages
Decency Issues in Electronic Media
entry |2 pages
De Forest, Lee
entry |1 pages
Design Trade Organizations and Trade Press
entry |3 pages
Development Communication
entry |2 pages
Dime Novels
entry |2 pages
Direct Mail Advertising
entry |2 pages
Docudramas
entry |3 pages
Documentary Photography
entry |2 pages
Douglas, William O.
entry |2 pages
Douglass, Frederick
letter 5|17 pages
E
entry |2 pages
Economics of Book Publishing
entry |4 pages
Economics of Broadcasting
entry |3 pages
Economics of Magazine Publishing
entry |3 pages
Economics of Motion Pictures
entry |3 pages
Economics of Newspapers
entry |1 pages
Edison, Thomas Alva
entry |3 pages
Eisenhower, Dwight D., and the Media
entry |2 pages
“Equal Time” Provision
entry |2 pages
Espionage and Sedition Acts
entry |3 pages
Ethnic Press
entry |1 pages
Exchanges
letter 6|24 pages
F
entry |2 pages
Fairness Doctrine
entry |2 pages
Farnsworth, Philo Taylor
entry |2 pages
Feature Syndicates
entry |2 pages
Federal Communications Commission
entry |2 pages
Federal Radio Commission
entry |2 pages
Federal Trade Commission
entry |1 pages
Feminist Media
entry |4 pages
First Amendment in the Eighteenth Century
entry |3 pages
First Amendment in the Nineteenth Century
entry |3 pages
First Amendment in the Twentieth Century
entry |3 pages
First Amendment Theory
entry |1 pages
FM Radio
entry |2 pages
Food and Drug Administration
entry |2 pages
Foreign Correspondents
entry |1 pages
Franklin, Benjamin
entry |1 pages
Frederick, Pauline
entry |1 pages
Freedom of Information Act
entry |3 pages
Free Press-Fair Trial Controversy
entry |2 pages
French and Indian War
entry |2 pages
Frontier Press
entry |2 pages
Full-Service Advertising Agency
letter 7|14 pages
G
entry |1 pages
Gatekeeping
entry |3 pages
Gay and Lesbian Press
entry |1 pages
General Electric
entry |2 pages
Global Village
entry |2 pages
Godkin, E.L.
entry |2 pages
Golden Age of Radio
entry |4 pages
Golden Age of Television
entry |2 pages
Goldenson, Leonard
entry |1 pages
Gould, Jack
entry |2 pages
Government Printing and Patronage
entry |2 pages
Government Secrecy
entry |2 pages
Greeley, Horace
entry |2 pages
Grenada Invasion
entry |1 pages
Gulf War
letter 8|18 pages
H
entry |2 pages
Handwritten Newspapers
entry |1 pages
Harding, Warren G., and the Press
entry |2 pages
Hearst, William Randolph
entry |1 pages
Hidden Persuaders, The
entry |3 pages
Hispanic Media
entry |3 pages
Hoaxes
entry |2 pages
Hollywood in World War II
entry |3 pages
Hollywood/Radio Controversy of 1932
entry |2 pages
Hollywood Studio System
entry |1 pages
Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr.
entry |3 pages
Hoover, Herbert, and Radio Regulation
entry |3 pages
Hoover, Herbert, and the Press
entry |2 pages
Hoover, J. Edgar, and the Press
entry |1 pages
Hopkins, Claude C.
entry |3 pages
Huntley-Brinkley Report, The
letter 9|16 pages
I
entry |4 pages
Illustrated Newspapers
entry |1 pages
Image, The
entry |2 pages
Indian Wars
entry |3 pages
Informational Graphics
entry |1 pages
Infomercials
entry |2 pages
In-House Advertising
entry |1 pages
Instant Books
entry |1 pages
International News Service
entry |7 pages
Internet
entry |1 pages
Interpretative Reporting
entry |2 pages
Investigative Reporting
letter 10|14 pages
J
entry |2 pages
Jackson, Andrew, and the Press
entry |1 pages
Jazz Journalism
entry |3 pages
Jefferson, Thomas, and the Press
entry |4 pages
Johnson, Lyndon B., and the Media
entry |1 pages
Joint Operating Agreements
entry |2 pages
Journalism Education
entry |2 pages
Journalism History
entry |2 pages
Journalism Professional Organizations
entry |2 pages
Journalism Reviews
entry |3 pages
Journalistic Interview
entry |2 pages
Journalists' Privilege
letter 11|9 pages
K
entry |1 pages
Kaltenborn, H.V.
entry |1 pages
KDKA
entry |2 pages
Kennedy, John F., and the Media
entry |3 pages
Kennedy Assassination and the Media
entry |3 pages
Kerner Commission Report
entry |3 pages
Korean War
letter 12|12 pages
L
entry |2 pages
Labor Media
entry |2 pages
Lasker, Albert
entry |2 pages
Lee, Ivy Ledbetter
entry |2 pages
Libel
entry |3 pages
Lincoln, Abraham, and the Press
entry |1 pages
Lippmann, Walter
entry |3 pages
Literacy and the Mass Media
entry |2 pages
Literary Aspects of Journalism
entry |2 pages
Los Angeles Times
entry |1 pages
Luce, Henry R.
letter 13|96 pages
M
entry |1 pages
Madison Avenue, USA
entry |4 pages
Magazine Advertising
entry |1 pages
Magazine Awards
entry |3 pages
Magazine Circulation
entry |2 pages
Magazine Competition
entry |4 pages
Magazine Design
entry |1 pages
Magazine Freelancing
entry |4 pages
Magazine Illustrations
entry |2 pages
Magazines for Children
entry |1 pages
Magazines for Men
entry |3 pages
Magazines for Women
entry |2 pages
Magazines in the Eighteenth Century
entry |4 pages
Magazines in the Nineteenth Century
entry |3 pages
Magazines in the Twentieth Century
entry |4 pages
Magazine Technology
entry |1 pages
Magazine Trade Organizations
entry |2 pages
Magazine Trade Press
entry |1 pages
Other Magazine Entries
entry |2 pages
Mass Culture
entry |3 pages
Mass Market Book Publishing
entry |2 pages
Mass Media and Children
entry |5 pages
Mass Media and Foreign Policy
entry |4 pages
Mass Media and Health Issues
entry |3 pages
Mass Media and Politics
entry |3 pages
Mass Media and Race
entry |4 pages
Mass Media and Religion
entry |3 pages
Mass Media and Self-Regulation
entry |4 pages
Mass Media and Terrorism
entry |4 pages
Mass Media and the Antiwar Movement
entry |4 pages
Mass Media and the Civil Rights Movement
entry |5 pages
Mass Media and the Military
entry |3 pages
Mass Media and the Sexual Revolution
entry |4 pages
Mass Media and Tobacco Products
entry |1 pages
Mayflower Decision
entry |3 pages
McKinley, William, and the Press
entry |2 pages
Media Conglomerates
entry |2 pages
Media Events
entry |3 pages
Mexican War
entry |2 pages
Minority Journalists' Organizations
entry |1 pages
Motion Picture Awards
entry |3 pages
Motion Picture Blacklisting
entry |3 pages
Motion Picture Competition
entry |3 pages
Motion Picture Documentaries
entry |2 pages
Motion Picture Labor Organizations
entry |3 pages
Motion Picture Newsreels
entry |3 pages
Motion Picture Propaganda
entry |1 pages
Motion Picture Ratings
entry |3 pages
Motion Picture Serials
entry |6 pages
Motion Picture Technology
entry |1 pages
Motion Picture Trade Organizations
entry |1 pages
Motion Picture Trade Press
entry |2 pages
Other Motion Picture Entries
entry |2 pages
Muckraking
entry |2 pages
Munsey, Frank A.
entry |1 pages
Murdoch, Rupert
entry |2 pages
Murrow, Edward R.
letter 14|62 pages
N
entry |3 pages
Nast, Thomas
entry |2 pages
National Advertising Review Board
entry |2 pages
National News Council
entry |1 pages
National Press Club
entry |3 pages
Native American Media
entry |1 pages
Neuharth, Al
entry |3 pages
New Deal and the Media
entry |2 pages
New Journalism (1880s)
entry |2 pages
New Journalism (1960s–1970s)
entry |3 pages
Newsboys
entry |2 pages
News Concepts
entry |1 pages
News Councils
entry |3 pages
News Leaks
entry |1 pages
Newsmagazines
entry |3 pages
News Management
entry |2 pages
Newspaper Advertising
entry |1 pages
Newspaper Awards
entry |3 pages
Newspaper Chains, or Groups
entry |3 pages
Newspaper Circulation
entry |2 pages
Newspaper Columnists
entry |4 pages
Newspaper Competition
entry |4 pages
Newspaper Design
entry |3 pages
Newspaper Editorials
entry |2 pages
Newspaper Labor Organizations
entry |3 pages
Newspaper Preservation Act
entry |1 pages
Newspaper Publicity Act
entry |4 pages
Newspapers in the Eighteenth Century
entry |3 pages
Newspapers in the Nineteenth Century
entry |3 pages
Newspapers in the Twentieth Century
entry |7 pages
Newspaper Technology
entry |1 pages
Newspaper Trade Organizations
entry |2 pages
Newspaper Trade Press
entry |1 pages
Other Newspaper Entries
entry |3 pages
New World Information and Communication Order
entry |1 pages
New York Herald-Tribune
entry |1 pages
New York Times
entry |2 pages
Niche Theory
entry |6 pages
Nixon, Richard M., and the Media
entry |2 pages
Noncommercial Radio
entry |4 pages
Noncommercial Television
letter 15|12 pages
O
entry |1 pages
Objective Reporting
entry |2 pages
Obscenity and Pornography
entry |2 pages
Ochs, Adolph Simon
entry |2 pages
Office of Censorship
entry |1 pages
Office of Telecommunications Policy
entry |3 pages
Office of War Information
entry |2 pages
Ombudsman
entry |2 pages
Op-Ed Page
entry |1 pages
Open Contract
entry |2 pages
Opinion Magazines
letter 16|65 pages
P
entry |2 pages
Pack Journalism
entry |1 pages
Paley, William S.
entry |1 pages
Palmer, Volney B.
entry |2 pages
Pamphlets
entry |3 pages
Panama Invasion
entry |2 pages
Paperback Books
entry |2 pages
Paramount Communications
entry |1 pages
Participatory Journalism
entry |4 pages
Party Press
entry |2 pages
Patent Medicine Advertising
entry |2 pages
Payola
entry |3 pages
Peace/Pacifist Press
entry |3 pages
Penny Press
entry |2 pages
Pentagon Papers
entry |3 pages
Persian Gulf War
entry |1 pages
Personal Attack Rule
entry |6 pages
Photographic Technology
entry |1 pages
Photography Awards
entry |2 pages
Photography Trade Organizations
entry |1 pages
Photography Trade Press
entry |3 pages
Photojournalism in the Nineteenth Century
entry |4 pages
Photojournalism in the Twentieth Century
entry |1 pages
Other Photography Entries
entry |1 pages
Photo Opportunities
entry |2 pages
Pictorial Magazines
entry |2 pages
Pinchot, Gifford, and Public Relations
entry |3 pages
Political Advertising
entry |2 pages
Pool Journalism
entry |3 pages
Post Office and the Media
entry |2 pages
Precision Journalism
entry |2 pages
Presidential Debates
entry |3 pages
Presidential News Conferences
entry |3 pages
Presidential Press Secretaries
entry |1 pages
Press Agentry
entry |3 pages
Prime-Time Television
entry |2 pages
Printers' Networks
entry |2 pages
Prior Restraint
entry |2 pages
Privacy
entry |2 pages
Professionalism in Journalism
entry |2 pages
Program-Length Commercials
entry |2 pages
Propaganda
entry |2 pages
Psychology in Advertising
entry |3 pages
Public Access to the Mass Media
entry |2 pages
Public Journalism
entry |2 pages
Publick Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick
entry |3 pages
Public Opinion Polls
entry |4 pages
Public Relations
entry |2 pages
Public Relations Awards
entry |1 pages
Public Relations Trade Organizations
entry |2 pages
Public Relations Trade Press
entry |1 pages
Other Public Relations Entries
entry |1 pages
Puffery
entry |1 pages
Pulitzer, Joseph
letter 17|3 pages
Q
entry |3 pages
Quiz Show Scandals
letter 18|39 pages
R
entry |1 pages
Radio Act of 1912
entry |1 pages
Radio Act of 1927
entry |2 pages
Radio Commentators
entry |1 pages
Radio Corporation of America
entry |4 pages
Radio Entertainment
entry |3 pages
Radio Networks
entry |2 pages
Radio News
entry |3 pages
Radio Syndication
entry |5 pages
Radio Technology
entry |1 pages
Other Radio Entries
entry |2 pages
Raymond, Henry J.
entry |1 pages
Readyprint
entry |3 pages
Reagan, Ronald, and the Media
entry |2 pages
Reconstruction Press in the South
entry |2 pages
Red Scare and the Press
entry |2 pages
Reeves, Rosser
entry |3 pages
Religious Journalism
entry |2 pages
Reporters and Reporting in the Eighteenth Century
entry |4 pages
Reporters and Reporting in the Nineteenth Century
entry |4 pages
Reporters and Reporting in the Twentieth Century
entry |1 pages
Report on Chain Broadcasting
entry |2 pages
Resor, Helen Lansdowne
entry |1 pages
Resor, Stanley B.
entry |2 pages
Retail Advertising
entry |2 pages
Riis, Jacob A.
entry |3 pages
Roosevelt, Franklin D., and the Media
entry |3 pages
Roosevelt, Theodore, and the Press
entry |1 pages
Rowell, George P.
letter 19|30 pages
S
entry |1 pages
Sarnoff, David
entry |2 pages
Scientific Advertising
entry |2 pages
Scripps, E.W.
entry |1 pages
Seldes, George
entry |2 pages
Sensationalism
entry |2 pages
Shoppers
entry |4 pages
Silent Motion Pictures
entry |3 pages
Smith Act and the Press
entry |2 pages
Socialist Press
entry |2 pages
Social Responsibility Theory
entry |1 pages
Society Reporting
entry |1 pages
Sound Bites
entry |6 pages
Sound Motion Pictures
entry |4 pages
Spanish-American War
entry |2 pages
Specialized Business Publications
entry |2 pages
Spin Doctors
entry |3 pages
Sports Journalism
entry |2 pages
Staged News
entry |2 pages
Stamp Act of 1765
entry |2 pages
Standing Committee of Correspondents
entry |1 pages
Stanton, Frank N.
entry |2 pages
Stone, I.F.
entry |2 pages
Suffrage Press
letter 20|38 pages
T
entry |3 pages
Tabloids
entry |4 pages
Technology
entry |3 pages
Telegraph
entry |4 pages
Television and Violence
entry |5 pages
Television Entertainment
entry |5 pages
Television Networks
entry |5 pages
Television News
entry |2 pages
Television Program Ratings
entry |3 pages
Television Syndication
entry |4 pages
Television Technology
entry |2 pages
Other Television Entries
entry |2 pages
Textbook Publishing
entry |1 pages
Thomas, Isaiah
entry |1 pages
Time Warner
entry |2 pages
Trade Book Publishing
entry |1 pages
Transatlantic Cable
entry |2 pages
Transradio Press Service
entry |1 pages
Trial Balloons
entry |3 pages
Truman, Harry S., and the Media
entry |2 pages
Truth in Advertising Movement
entry |2 pages
Turner, Ted
letter 21|9 pages
U
entry |2 pages
Underground Press
entry |2 pages
Unique Selling Proposition
entry |2 pages
United Press (1882)
entry |2 pages
United Press Associations (1907)
entry |1 pages
United Press International
entry |2 pages
United States Information Agency
entry |2 pages
University Presses
entry |1 pages
USA Today
letter 22|5 pages
V
entry |4 pages
Vietnam War
entry |2 pages
Violence Against Journalists
entry |1 pages
Voice of America
letter 23|25 pages
W
entry |1 pages
Wall Street Journal
entry |3 pages
War Advertising Council
entry |2 pages
War Correspondents
entry |2 pages
Warner Communications
entry |2 pages
War of 1812
entry |1 pages
“War of the Worlds”
entry |3 pages
War Photography
entry |1 pages
Washington, George, and the Press
entry |2 pages
Washington Post
entry |2 pages
Watchdog Concept
entry |3 pages
Watergate Scandal
entry |2 pages
Wells-Barnett, Ida B.
entry |1 pages
Westinghouse
entry |1 pages
Wheeler-Lea Amendments
entry |2 pages
White, William Allen
entry |1 pages
White House Correspondents' Association
entry |3 pages
Wilson, Woodrow, and the Press
entry |2 pages
Wireless Ship Act of 1910
entry |4 pages
Women in Journalism
entry |2 pages
Women's Pages
entry |3 pages
World War I
entry |3 pages
World War II
letter 24|2 pages
Y
entry |2 pages
Yellow Journalism
letter 25|2 pages
Z
entry |1 pages
Zenger, John Peter
entry |2 pages
Zenith Radio Case
entry |1 pages
Zworykin, Vladimir
