ABSTRACT
This Dictionary provides an explanation of the main ideas of and concepts central to chemistry. Each entry in this A-Z resource begins with a clear, one-sentence definition that explains why the term is important. These sentences are followed by a fuller explanation and, where appropriate, examples, diagrams, tables and equations. Key terms such as inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, the chemical industry, and qualitative analysis tell the user about the main features of important aspects of chemistry, with cross-references leading to related terms in each field. Other entries give a historical perspective, showing in outline how important themes of chemistry have developed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter 1|49 pages
A
entry |1 pages
Ar
entry |1 pages
Absolute zero (0 K)
entry |1 pages
Absorbance
entry |1 pages
Absorption of liquids and gases
entry |1 pages
Absorption of radiation
entry |1 pages
Absorption spectrum
entry |1 pages
Accuracy of data
entry |1 pages
Acid anhydrides
entry |1 pages
Acid–base equilibria
entry |1 pages
Acid–base indicators
entry |1 pages
Acid–base reactions
entry |1 pages
Acid–base titration
entry |1 pages
Acid catalysis
entry |1 pages
Acid dissociation constants
entry |1 pages
Acidic oxide
entry |1 pages
Acids
entry |1 pages
Acid salt
entry |1 pages
Acid strength
entry |1 pages
Acid strength of organic hydroxy compounds
entry |1 pages
Actinides
entry |2 pages
Activated complex
entry |1 pages
Active site
entry |1 pages
Activity series
entry |1 pages
Acyl chlorides
entry |1 pages
Acylation
entry |1 pages
Addition–elimination reactions
entry |1 pages
Addition polymerization
entry |1 pages
Addition reaction
entry |1 pages
Adenine
entry |1 pages
Adsorption
entry |1 pages
Aerobic respiration
entry |1 pages
Aerosols
entry |1 pages
Agrochemicals
entry |1 pages
Air
entry |1 pages
Air condenser
entry |2 pages
Alcohols
entry |1 pages
Aldehydes
entry |1 pages
Alicyclic hydrocarbons
entry |1 pages
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
entry |1 pages
Aliquot
entry |1 pages
Alkali metals
entry |1 pages
Alkaline cell
entry |1 pages
Alkaline earth metals
entry |1 pages
Alkalis
entry |1 pages
Alkaloids
entry |2 pages
Alkanes
entry |1 pages
Alkenes
entry |1 pages
Alkoxides
entry |1 pages
Alkyl group:
entry |1 pages
Alkylation
entry |1 pages
Alkynes
entry |1 pages
Allotropes
entry |1 pages
Alloys
entry |1 pages
Alpha decay
entry |1 pages
Alpha (α) particles
entry |1 pages
Aluminum (Al)
entry |1 pages
Aluminum chloride (AICI3)
entry |1 pages
Aluminum extraction
entry |1 pages
Aluminum(III) ions
entry |1 pages
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
entry |1 pages
Alums
entry |1 pages
Amalgams
entry |1 pages
Amides
entry |1 pages
Amines
entry |1 pages
Amino acids
entry |1 pages
Amino group
entry |1 pages
Ammines
entry |1 pages
Ammonia (NH3)
entry |1 pages
Ammonia manufacture
entry |1 pages
Ammonium hydroxide
entry |1 pages
Ammonium salts
entry |1 pages
Amorphous solids
entry |1 pages
Amount of substance
entry |1 pages
Ampere
entry |1 pages
Amphetamines
entry |1 pages
Amphoteric compounds
entry |1 pages
Amphoteric oxides
entry |1 pages
Amylases
entry |1 pages
Anaerobic respiration
entry |1 pages
Analgesics
entry |1 pages
Analytic chemistry
entry |1 pages
Anesthetics
entry |1 pages
Ångström, Anders
entry |1 pages
Anhydrides
entry |1 pages
Anhydrous salts
entry |1 pages
Aniline
entry |1 pages
Anions
entry |1 pages
Anion tests
entry |1 pages
Anisotropic solids
entry |1 pages
Annealing
entry |1 pages
Anode
entry |1 pages
Anion tests
entry |1 pages
Antacids
entry |1 pages
Antibiotics
entry |1 pages
Antifreeze
entry |1 pages
Antiknock additives
entry |1 pages
Antiseptics
entry |1 pages
Aqua regia
entry |1 pages
Aqueous solution
entry |1 pages
Arenes
entry |1 pages
Argon (Ar)
entry |1 pages
Aromatic hydrocarbons
entry |1 pages
Aromatic substitution
entry |1 pages
Arrhenius equation
entry |1 pages
arsenic (As)
entry |1 pages
Aryl group
entry |1 pages
Asbestos
entry |1 pages
Ascorbic acid
entry |1 pages
Aspirin
entry |1 pages
Assaying
entry |1 pages
Astatine (At)
entry |1 pages
Asymmetric molecules
entry |1 pages
Atactic polymer
entry |1 pages
Atmosphere
entry |1 pages
Atmospheric pressure
entry |1 pages
Atom
entry |1 pages
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
entry |1 pages
Atomic emission spectroscopy
entry |1 pages
Atomic number
entry |1 pages
Atomic orbitals
entry |1 pages
Atomic radius
entry |1 pages
Atomic spectrum
entry |2 pages
Atomic theory
entry |1 pages
Atomic weight
entry |1 pages
Atomization
entry |1 pages
Atp
entry |1 pages
Attacking group
entry |1 pages
Aufbau principle
entry |1 pages
Autocatalysis
entry |1 pages
Avogadro constant
entry |1 pages
Avogadro's law
entry |1 pages
Azeotropic mixture
entry |1 pages
Azo compound
entry |1 pages
Azo dyes
letter 2|19 pages
B
entry |1 pages
Back titration
entry |1 pages
Bacteria
entry |1 pages
Bakelite
entry |1 pages
Balanced equations
entry |1 pages
Ball and stick models
entry |1 pages
Balmer series
entry |1 pages
Barbiturates
entry |1 pages
Barium (Ba)
entry |1 pages
Base
entry |1 pages
Base catalysis
entry |1 pages
Base dissociation (ionization) constants
entry |1 pages
Basic oxide
entry |1 pages
Batch process
entry |1 pages
Battery
entry |1 pages
Bauxite
entry |1 pages
Becquerel (Bq)
entry |1 pages
Bench reagents
entry |1 pages
Benedict's solution
entry |1 pages
benzene (CeHe)
entry |1 pages
Beryllium (Be)
entry |1 pages
Beta
entry |1 pages
Bicarbonate
entry |1 pages
Bidentate ligands
entry |1 pages
Bifunctional compounds
entry |1 pages
Biochemistry
entry |1 pages
Biodegradable materials
entry |1 pages
Biogas
entry |1 pages
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
entry |1 pages
Biopolymers
entry |1 pages
Biotechnology
entry |1 pages
Biuret test
entry |1 pages
Blank determinations
entry |1 pages
Blast furnace
entry |1 pages
Bleaching
entry |1 pages
Body-centered cubic structure
entry |1 pages
Boiling
entry |1 pages
Bomb calorimeter
entry |1 pages
Bond angle
entry |1 pages
Bond breaking
entry |1 pages
Bond dissociation enthalpy
entry |1 pages
Bond enthalpies
entry |1 pages
Bond length
entry |1 pages
Bond polarity
entry |1 pages
Bond rotation
entry |1 pages
Bonding
entry |1 pages
Bonding molecular orbital
entry |1 pages
Borax (Na2B4O7. 10H2O)
entry |1 pages
Born–Haber cycle
entry |1 pages
Boron (B)
entry |1 pages
Borosilicate glass
entry |1 pages
Boyle's law
entry |1 pages
Brady's reagent
entry |1 pages
Brasses
entry |1 pages
Breathalyzer
entry |1 pages
Brine
entry |1 pages
Bromination
entry |1 pages
Bromine (Br)
entry |1 pages
Bromine extraction
entry |1 pages
Bromine water
entry |1 pages
Bronsted-Lowry theory
entry |1 pages
Bronze
entry |1 pages
Brownian motion
entry |1 pages
Buchner flask and funnel
entry |1 pages
Buffer solutions
entry |1 pages
Bumping
entry |1 pages
Bunsen, Robert
entry |1 pages
Burettes
entry |1 pages
By-products
letter 3|38 pages
C
entry |1 pages
Caffeine
entry |1 pages
Calcium (Ca)
entry |2 pages
Calcium carbonate
entry |1 pages
Calorimeter
entry |1 pages
Capillary rise
entry |1 pages
Carbocations
entry |1 pages
Carbohydrates
entry |1 pages
Carbon (C)
entry |1 pages
Carbon cycle
entry |1 pages
Carbonyl compounds
entry |1 pages
Carborundum
entry |2 pages
Carboxylic acids
entry |1 pages
Carcinogens
entry |1 pages
Catalysts
entry |1 pages
Catalytic converter
entry |1 pages
Catalytic cracking
entry |1 pages
Catenation
entry |1 pages
Cathode
entry |1 pages
Cathodic protection
entry |1 pages
Cations
entry |1 pages
Cation tests
entry |1 pages
Cell
entry |1 pages
Celsius temperature scale
entry |1 pages
Ceramics
entry |1 pages
Cesium chloride structure
entry |1 pages
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
entry |1 pages
Cation tests
entry |1 pages
Charcoal
entry |1 pages
Charles's law
entry |1 pages
Chelates
entry |1 pages
Chemical equations
entry |1 pages
Chemical industry
entry |1 pages
Chemotherapy
entry |2 pages
Chemical industry
entry |1 pages
Chlorine (CI)
entry |1 pages
Chlorine oxoanions
entry |1 pages
Cholesterol
entry |1 pages
Chromatography
entry |1 pages
Chromium(Cr)
entry |1 pages
Chromophore
entry |1 pages
Cisplatin
entry |1 pages
Cis–trans isomerism
entry |1 pages
Clay minerals
entry |1 pages
Close-packed structures
entry |1 pages
Coal
entry |1 pages
Cobalt(Co)
entry |1 pages
Colligative properties
entry |1 pages
Collision theory
entry |1 pages
Colloids
entry |1 pages
Colored compounds
entry |1 pages
Colorimetry
entry |1 pages
Combustion analysis
entry |1 pages
Complex-forming titration
entry |1 pages
Complex ions
entry |1 pages
Composites
entry |1 pages
Concentrations of solutions
entry |1 pages
Condensation polymers
entry |1 pages
Condensation reaction
entry |1 pages
Conductiometric titrations
entry |1 pages
Confidence limits
entry |1 pages
Conformation of molecules
entry |1 pages
Conjugate acid–base pairs
entry |1 pages
Conjugated system
entry |1 pages
Conservation of mass (law of)
entry |1 pages
Constant-boiling mixture
entry |1 pages
Contact process
entry |1 pages
Continuous processes
entry |1 pages
Conversion of units
entry |1 pages
Coordinate bond
entry |1 pages
Coordination compounds
entry |1 pages
Coordination number
entry |1 pages
Copolymerization
entry |1 pages
Copper (Cu)
entry |1 pages
Copper refining
entry |1 pages
Coulomb (symbol C)
entry |2 pages
Covalent bonds
entry |1 pages
Cracking
entry |1 pages
Critical temperature
entry |1 pages
Cross-linking
entry |1 pages
Crude oil
entry |1 pages
Crystallinity of polymers
entry |1 pages
Crystal structures of ionic compounds
entry |1 pages
Crystal structures of metals
entry |1 pages
Crystal structures of nonmetals
entry |1 pages
Curly arrows
entry |1 pages
Current
entry |1 pages
Cyanohydrins
letter 4|14 pages
D
entry |1 pages
Dative covalent bond:
entry |1 pages
D-block elements
entry |1 pages
Decantation
entry |1 pages
Decay series:
entry |1 pages
Decomposition
entry |1 pages
Dehydration
entry |1 pages
Deliquescent substances
entry |1 pages
Denaturation of proteins
entry |1 pages
Density
entry |1 pages
Desalination
entry |1 pages
Desiccator:
entry |1 pages
Detergents
entry |1 pages
Deuterium
entry |1 pages
Dialysis
entry |1 pages
Diatomic molecule:
entry |1 pages
Diazonium salts:
entry |1 pages
Dienes
entry |1 pages
Diffusion
entry |1 pages
Dilution
entry |1 pages
Dimerization:
entry |1 pages
Diols
entry |1 pages
Diprotic acid:
entry |1 pages
Disaccharides:
entry |1 pages
Disinfectants
entry |1 pages
Disperse phase:
entry |1 pages
Dispersion forces
entry |1 pages
Displacement reactions
entry |1 pages
Displayed formulas
entry |1 pages
Disproportionation reaction:
entry |1 pages
Dissociation:
entry |1 pages
Distillation:
entry |1 pages
Dna
entry |1 pages
Dolomite
entry |1 pages
D-orbitals
entry |1 pages
Dot and cross diagrams
entry |1 pages
Double bond:
entry |1 pages
Double salts
entry |1 pages
Drug development
entry |1 pages
Dry cells
entry |1 pages
Drying agents
entry |1 pages
Drying oils
entry |1 pages
Ductility
entry |1 pages
Dyes
letter 5|28 pages
E
entry |1 pages
Edta
entry |1 pages
Efflorescence
entry |1 pages
Elastomers
entry |1 pages
Electric arc furnace:
entry |1 pages
Electrical insulators
entry |1 pages
Electrochemical cells
entry |1 pages
Electrochemical series:
entry |1 pages
Electrode:
entry |1 pages
Electrode potential:
entry |2 pages
Electrolysis
entry |1 pages
Electrolysis of brine
entry |1 pages
Electromagnetic radiation
entry |1 pages
Electron affinity:
entry |1 pages
Electron configuration:
entry |1 pages
Electron-pair repulsion theory:
entry |1 pages
Electron transfer
entry |1 pages
Electronegativity
entry |1 pages
Electrophiles
entry |2 pages
Electrophilic addition
entry |1 pages
Electrophoresis
entry |1 pages
Electroplating
entry |1 pages
Electrostatic forces
entry |1 pages
Electrovalent bonding:
entry |1 pages
Elements
entry |1 pages
Elevation of boiling point:
entry |1 pages
Elimination reaction:
entry |1 pages
Ellingham diagrams
entry |1 pages
Emf
entry |2 pages
Empirical formula:
entry |1 pages
Enantiomers:
entry |1 pages
Enantiotropy:
entry |1 pages
Endothermic changes
entry |1 pages
End point:
entry |1 pages
Energy conservation
entry |1 pages
Energy density
entry |1 pages
Energy (enthalpy) level diagrams
entry |1 pages
Energy levels
entry |1 pages
Energy transfers
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of atomization
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of combustion
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of formation
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of hydration
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of melting (fusion)
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of neutralization
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of reaction
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of solution
entry |1 pages
Enthalpy change of vaporization
entry |1 pages
Entity:
entry |1 pages
Entropy (S)
entry |1 pages
Environmental chemistry
entry |1 pages
Environmental issues
entry |1 pages
Enzymes
entry |1 pages
Epoxyethane
entry |1 pages
Equilibrium law
entry |1 pages
Equivalence point
entry |1 pages
Errors of measurement
entry |2 pages
Esters
entry |1 pages
Ethers
entry |1 pages
Eutectic mixture:
entry |1 pages
Eutrophication
entry |1 pages
Evaporation
entry |1 pages
Excited state:
entry |1 pages
Exothermic reactions
entry |1 pages
Explosions
entry |1 pages
Extrusion
letter 6|14 pages
F
entry |1 pages
Face-centered cubic structure
entry |1 pages
Fajan's rules
entry |1 pages
Faraday constant (F)
entry |1 pages
Fats
entry |1 pages
Fatty acids
entry |1 pages
F-block elements
entry |1 pages
Feasibility:
entry |1 pages
Feedstock
entry |1 pages
Fehling's solution
entry |1 pages
Fermentation
entry |1 pages
Ferromagnetism:
entry |1 pages
Fertilizers
entry |1 pages
Fiber reactive dyes
entry |1 pages
Fillers
entry |1 pages
Filtration
entry |1 pages
Fireworks
entry |1 pages
First law of thermodynamics:
entry |1 pages
First-order reaction:
entry |1 pages
Fission
entry |1 pages
Flame tests
entry |1 pages
Flammable substances
entry |1 pages
Flash point:
entry |1 pages
Float glass process:
entry |1 pages
Fluids
entry |1 pages
Fluoridation
entry |1 pages
Fluorine (F)
entry |1 pages
Fluorite structure:
entry |1 pages
Foams
entry |1 pages
Food additives
entry |1 pages
Formula:
entry |1 pages
Formula mass:
entry |1 pages
Formula unit:
entry |1 pages
Fossil fuels
entry |1 pages
Fractional distillation
entry |1 pages
Fractional distillation of oil
entry |1 pages
Fragmentation patterns:
entry |1 pages
Free energy change, ΔG:
entry |1 pages
Free-radical chain reactions
entry |1 pages
Free radicals
entry |1 pages
Freezing point:
entry |1 pages
Frequency of electromagnetic radiation:
entry |1 pages
Friede– Crafts reaction:
entry |1 pages
Froth flotation
entry |1 pages
Fuel cell:
entry |1 pages
Fuels
entry |1 pages
Fullerenes
entry |1 pages
Functional group:
entry |1 pages
Fundamental particles
entry |1 pages
Fusion
letter 7|11 pages
G
entry |1 pages
Gamma radiation (γ)
entry |1 pages
Gas constant
entry |1 pages
Gas laws
entry |1 pages
Gas-liquid chromatography (glc)
entry |1 pages
Gasoline
entry |2 pages
Gas tests
entry |1 pages
Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes
entry |1 pages
Gel
entry |1 pages
Geometrical isomerism
entry |1 pages
Germanium (Ge)
entry |1 pages
Giant structures
entry |1 pages
Gibbs free energy
entry |1 pages
Glass electrode
entry |1 pages
Graham's law of diffusion
entry |1 pages
Graphical formulas
entry |1 pages
Graphite
entry |1 pages
Gravimetric analysis
entry |1 pages
Greenhouse effect
entry |1 pages
Grignard reagents
entry |1 pages
Ground state
entry |1 pages
Group I
entry |1 pages
Group 2
entry |1 pages
Group 4
entry |1 pages
Group 7
entry |1 pages
Group 8
letter 8|17 pages
H
entry |1 pages
Haber process
entry |1 pages
Half-cell
entry |1 pages
Half-equation
entry |1 pages
Half-life (chemical)
entry |1 pages
Half-life (radioactive)
entry |1 pages
Halide ions
entry |1 pages
Halogénation
entry |1 pages
Halogenoalkanes
entry |1 pages
Halogenoarenes
entry |1 pages
Halogens
entry |1 pages
Hardness
entry |1 pages
Heat exchangers
entry |1 pages
Heavy metals
entry |1 pages
Heavy water
entry |1 pages
Helium (He)
entry |1 pages
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
entry |1 pages
Henry's law
entry |1 pages
Hess's law
entry |1 pages
Heterocyclic compounds
entry |1 pages
Heterogeneous catalyst
entry |1 pages
Heterogeneous equilibrium
entry |1 pages
Heterolytic bond breaking (fission)
entry |1 pages
Hexadentate ligand
entry |1 pages
Hexagonal close-packed structure (hcp)
entry |1 pages
High-performance liquid chromatography (hplc)
entry |1 pages
Hofmann degradation
entry |1 pages
Homogeneous catalyst
entry |1 pages
Homogeneous equilibrium
entry |1 pages
Hoterolytic bond breaking (fission)
entry |1 pages
Hormones
entry |1 pages
Hund's rule
entry |1 pages
Hydration
entry |1 pages
Hydrazine (N2H4)
entry |1 pages
Hydrides
entry |1 pages
Hydrocarbons
entry |1 pages
Hydrochloric acid
entry |1 pages
Hydrogen
entry |1 pages
Hydrogen bonding
entry |1 pages
Hydrogen electrode
entry |1 pages
Hydrogen emission spectrum
entry |1 pages
Hydrogen halides
entry |1 pages
Hydrogen ions (H+)
entry |1 pages
Hydrogenation
entry |1 pages
Hydrolysis
entry |1 pages
Hydrolysis of salts
entry |1 pages
Hydrosphere
letter 9|18 pages
I
entry |1 pages
Ice:
entry |1 pages
Ideal gases:
entry |1 pages
Ideal mixture:
entry |1 pages
Ignition temperature:
entry |1 pages
Immiscible liquids
entry |1 pages
Immobilized enzymes
entry |1 pages
Indicators
entry |1 pages
Inductive effect:
entry |1 pages
Inert chemicals:
entry |1 pages
Inert gases:
entry |1 pages
Inert pair effect:
entry |1 pages
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
entry |2 pages
Inhibitor:
entry |1 pages
Inorganic chemistry
entry |1 pages
Insulin
entry |1 pages
Interhalogen compound:
entry |1 pages
Intermediate bonding
entry |1 pages
Intermediates in reactions
entry |1 pages
Intermolecular forces
entry |1 pages
Interstitial hydrides
entry |1 pages
Intramolecular forces
entry |1 pages
Iodination
entry |1 pages
Iodine(I)
entry |1 pages
Iodine number:
entry |1 pages
Iodine-thiosulfate titrations:
entry |1 pages
Iodoform reaction:
entry |1 pages
Ion exchange
entry |1 pages
Ionic bonding
entry |1 pages
Ionic character of bonds:
entry |1 pages
Ionic equations
entry |1 pages
Ionic precipitation
entry |1 pages
Ionic product of water, KW:
entry |1 pages
Ionic radius
entry |1 pages
Ionization energy:
entry |1 pages
Ionization of water:
entry |1 pages
Ionizing radiation
entry |1 pages
Iron (Fe)
entry |1 pages
Iron extraction
entry |1 pages
Irritant
entry |1 pages
Isoelectric point:
entry |1 pages
Isoelectronic atoms and ions
entry |1 pages
Isolated system:
entry |1 pages
Isomerization
entry |1 pages
Isomers
entry |1 pages
Isomorphous compounds
entry |1 pages
Isotopes
entry |1 pages
Isotopic labeling
entry |1 pages
Isotropic solids
entry |1 pages
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry):
letter 10|1 pages
J
entry |1 pages
Joule (symbol J)
letter 11|4 pages
K
entry |1 pages
Kc
entry |1 pages
Kp
entry |1 pages
Kekulé structure:
entry |1 pages
Kerosene
entry |1 pages
Ketones
entry |1 pages
Kinetic control:
entry |1 pages
Kinetic inertness
entry |1 pages
Kinetics of reactions:
entry |1 pages
Kinetic theory of gases:
entry |1 pages
Knocking
entry |1 pages
Krypton (Kr)
letter 12|7 pages
L
entry |1 pages
Labile complexes:
entry |1 pages
Lanthanide elements:
entry |1 pages
Lattice:
entry |1 pages
Lattice energy:
entry |1 pages
Layer lattice:
entry |1 pages
Le Chatelier's principle
entry |1 pages
Leaching
entry |1 pages
Lead (Pb)
entry |1 pages
Lead–acid cell:
entry |1 pages
Leaving group:
entry |1 pages
Lewis acid/base theory:
entry |1 pages
Ligands
entry |1 pages
Lipids:
entry |1 pages
Liquid chromatography
entry |1 pages
Liquid crystal:
entry |1 pages
Liquids
entry |1 pages
Liter (symbol I)
entry |1 pages
Lithium (Li)
entry |1 pages
Lithium aluminum hydride:
entry |1 pages
Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III) (LiAIH4)
entry |1 pages
Lithosphere:
entry |1 pages
Localized electrons:
entry |1 pages
Logarithms
entry |1 pages
Lone pair of electrons:
entry |1 pages
Lubricants
entry |1 pages
Luminescence
letter 13|13 pages
M
entry |1 pages
Macromolecular substances
entry |1 pages
Magnesium (Mg)
entry |1 pages
Main group elements
entry |1 pages
Malleability
entry |1 pages
Manganese(Mn)
entry |1 pages
Manometer
entry |1 pages
Markovnikov rule
entry |1 pages
Mass (symbol m)
entry |1 pages
Mass number
entry |1 pages
Mass spectrometry
entry |1 pages
Matches
entry |1 pages
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
entry |1 pages
Mechanism of a reaction
entry |1 pages
Medicine
entry |1 pages
Melting
entry |1 pages
Meniscus
entry |1 pages
Mercury (Hg)
entry |1 pages
Metabolism
entry |1 pages
Metal extraction
entry |1 pages
Metallic bonds
entry |1 pages
Metalloid
entry |1 pages
Metals
entry |1 pages
Methylated spirit
entry |1 pages
Micelle
entry |1 pages
Microwaves
entry |1 pages
Milliliter (symbol ml)
entry |1 pages
Minerals
entry |1 pages
Mirror-image molecules
entry |1 pages
Miscible liquids
entry |1 pages
Mixed oxides
entry |1 pages
Mixtures
entry |1 pages
Mobile phase
entry |1 pages
Mohs scale of hardness
entry |1 pages
Molar concentration
entry |1 pages
Molarity
entry |2 pages
Molar mass
entry |1 pages
Mole
entry |1 pages
Mole fraction
entry |1 pages
Molecular formula
entry |1 pages
Molecular orbitals
entry |1 pages
Molecular sieve
entry |1 pages
Molecularity of reaction steps
entry |1 pages
Molecule
entry |1 pages
Monochromatic radiation
entry |1 pages
Monodentate ligands
entry |1 pages
Monomers
entry |1 pages
Monoprotic acid
entry |1 pages
Monosaccharide
entry |1 pages
Monotropy
entry |1 pages
Mordant
entry |1 pages
Multiple bonds
entry |1 pages
Mutagens
letter 14|17 pages
N
entry |2 pages
Names of carbon compounds
entry |1 pages
Names of complex ions
entry |1 pages
Names of inorganic compounds
entry |1 pages
Nanometer
entry |1 pages
Naphtha
entry |1 pages
Natural gas
entry |1 pages
Natural product chemistry
entry |1 pages
Neon (Ne)
entry |1 pages
Neutralization reaction
entry |1 pages
Neutral oxides
entry |1 pages
Neutral solution
entry |1 pages
Neutrons
entry |1 pages
Nickel (Ni)
entry |1 pages
Nickel–cadmium cells
entry |1 pages
Nitrates
entry |1 pages
Nitration of benzene
entry |1 pages
Nitric acid (HNO3)
entry |1 pages
Nitric acid manufacture
entry |1 pages
Nitriles
entry |1 pages
Nitrites
entry |1 pages
Nitrogen (N2)
entry |1 pages
Nitrogen cycle
entry |1 pages
Nitrogen fixation
entry |1 pages
Nitrogen oxides
entry |1 pages
Nitrous acid (HNO2)
entry |1 pages
Nmr
entry |1 pages
No
entry |1 pages
Noble gases
entry |1 pages
Nomenclature
entry |1 pages
Nonaqueous solvent
entry |1 pages
Nonmetals
entry |1 pages
Nonstoichiometric compounds
entry |1 pages
Nuclear fusion
entry |2 pages
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr)
entry |1 pages
Nuclear reactions
entry |1 pages
Nucleic acids
entry |1 pages
Nucleon
entry |1 pages
Nucleon number
entry |1 pages
Nucleophiles
entry |1 pages
Nucleophilic addition reaction
entry |1 pages
Nucleophilic substitution in derivatives of carboxylic acids
entry |1 pages
Hydrolysis of
entry |1 pages
Hydrolysis of
entry |1 pages
Nucleotide
entry |1 pages
Nuclide
letter 15|10 pages
O
entry |2 pages
Octet rule
entry |1 pages
Optical isomers
entry |1 pages
Orbitals
entry |1 pages
Order of reaction
entry |1 pages
Ore
entry |1 pages
Organic acids
entry |2 pages
Organic analysis
entry |1 pages
Organic preparations
entry |1 pages
Organometallic compounds
entry |1 pages
Osmosis
entry |1 pages
Osmotic pressure
entry |1 pages
Oxidant
entry |1 pages
Oxidation
entry |1 pages
Oxidation numbers
entry |1 pages
Oxidation states
entry |1 pages
Oxides
entry |1 pages
Oxidizing agents
entry |1 pages
Oxidizing substances
entry |1 pages
Oximes
entry |1 pages
Oxoacids
entry |1 pages
Oxonium ions
entry |1 pages
Oxygen (O)
entry |1 pages
Ozone (O3)
letter 16|27 pages
P
entry |1 pages
Paint
entry |1 pages
Paper chromatography
entry |1 pages
Paramagnetism
entry |1 pages
Partial pressures
entry |1 pages
Particles
entry |1 pages
Partition
entry |1 pages
Parts per million, ppm
entry |1 pages
Pauli exclusion principle
entry |1 pages
P-block elements
entry |1 pages
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
entry |1 pages
Peptides
entry |1 pages
Percentage composition
entry |1 pages
Percentage yield
entry |1 pages
Perfumes
entry |2 pages
Periodic table
entry |1 pages
Permanent dipole
entry |1 pages
Peroxides
entry |1 pages
Pesticides
entry |1 pages
Petrochemical industry
entry |1 pages
Petroleum
entry |1 pages
PH changes during acid–base titrations
entry |1 pages
PH scale
entry |1 pages
Phase
entry |1 pages
Phenols
entry |1 pages
Phenyl group
entry |1 pages
Phenylamine
entry |1 pages
Phosphorescence
entry |1 pages
Phosphoric(V) acid (H3PO4)
entry |1 pages
Phosphorus (P)
entry |1 pages
Photochemical smog
entry |1 pages
Photography
entry |1 pages
Photon
entry |1 pages
Photosynthesis
entry |1 pages
Physical chemistry
entry |1 pages
Physical properties
entry |1 pages
Pi (π) bonds
entry |1 pages
Pipettes
entry |1 pages
Pk
entry |1 pages
Planck's constant
entry |1 pages
Plaster of Paris
entry |1 pages
Plastic materials
entry |1 pages
Plasticizers
entry |1 pages
Plastics
entry |1 pages
Platinum (Pt)
entry |1 pages
Polar covalent bonds
entry |1 pages
Polar molecules
entry |1 pages
Polarizability
entry |1 pages
Polarized light
entry |1 pages
Polyamides
entry |1 pages
Polymer chemistry
entry |1 pages
Polymerization
entry |1 pages
Polymers
entry |1 pages
Polymorphism
entry |1 pages
Polyols
entry |1 pages
Polysaccharides
entry |1 pages
Polyurethanes
entry |1 pages
P-orbitals
entry |1 pages
Potassium (K)
entry |1 pages
Potassium manganate(VII) (KMnO4)
entry |1 pages
Precipitation
entry |1 pages
Precision of data
entry |1 pages
Pressure
entry |1 pages
Primary, secondary and tertiary organic compounds
entry |1 pages
Primary standard
entry |1 pages
Promoters
entry |1 pages
Propagation
entry |1 pages
Propanone (acetone)
entry |1 pages
Proportionality
entry |1 pages
Protecting group
entry |1 pages
Proteins
entry |1 pages
Protium (H11)
entry |1 pages
Proton
entry |1 pages
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
entry |1 pages
Proton number
entry |1 pages
Proton transfer
entry |1 pages
Purification
letter 17|2 pages
Q
entry |1 pages
Qualitative analysis
entry |1 pages
Quantitative analysis:
entry |1 pages
Quantum numbers
entry |1 pages
Quantum theory
entry |1 pages
Quartz
entry |1 pages
Quaternary ammonium cations
entry |1 pages
Quenching:
letter 18|14 pages
R
entry |1 pages
Racemic mixture:
entry |1 pages
Radioactive decay:
entry |1 pages
Raoult's law:
entry |1 pages
Rate constant:
entry |1 pages
Rate-determining step:
entry |1 pages
Rate equations
entry |1 pages
Rates of reaction
entry |1 pages
Raw materials:
entry |1 pages
Reacting masses:
entry |1 pages
Reacting volumes of gases:
entry |1 pages
Reaction kinetics:
entry |1 pages
Reaction mechanisms:
entry |1 pages
Reactors
entry |1 pages
Reagent:
entry |1 pages
Real gases
entry |1 pages
Rearrangement reaction:
entry |1 pages
Recrystallization
entry |1 pages
Redox potential:
entry |1 pages
Redox reactions:
entry |1 pages
Redox titration:
entry |1 pages
Reducing agents:
entry |1 pages
Reducing sugars:
entry |1 pages
Reductant:
entry |1 pages
Reduction:
entry |1 pages
Reference electrodes:
entry |1 pages
Refining:
entry |1 pages
Reflux condenser:
entry |1 pages
Reforming:
entry |1 pages
Refractories:
entry |1 pages
Relative atomic mass, Ar:
entry |1 pages
Relative formula mass
entry |1 pages
Relative molecular mass, Mr:
entry |1 pages
Reserves and resources:
entry |1 pages
Residues:
entry |1 pages
Resins:
entry |1 pages
Respiration:
entry |1 pages
Retention time:
entry |1 pages
Reverse osmosis:
entry |1 pages
Reversible changes
entry |1 pages
Rhodium
entry |1 pages
Risk
entry |1 pages
Rna:
entry |1 pages
Roasting
entry |1 pages
Rotation about covalent bonds
entry |1 pages
Rusting
entry |1 pages
Rutile structure:
letter 19|32 pages
S
entry |1 pages
Sacrificial protection
entry |1 pages
Salt bridge
entry |1 pages
Salt hydrates
entry |1 pages
Salting-out effect
entry |1 pages
Salts
entry |1 pages
Sampling for analysis
entry |1 pages
Saturated compounds
entry |1 pages
Saturated solutions
entry |1 pages
Saturated vapor pressure
entry |1 pages
S-block elements
entry |1 pages
Scaling-up processes
entry |1 pages
Second law of thermodynamics
entry |1 pages
Second-order reaction
entry |1 pages
Secondary organic compounds
entry |1 pages
Seed crystal
entry |1 pages
Semiconductors
entry |1 pages
Separating funnel
entry |1 pages
Sequestering agent
entry |1 pages
Shapes of complex ions
entry |1 pages
Shapes of molecules
entry |1 pages
Shells
entry |1 pages
Shielding
entry |1 pages
Side reactions
entry |1 pages
Sievert (symbol Sv)
entry |1 pages
Sigma (σ) bond
entry |1 pages
Silica gel
entry |1 pages
Silicates
entry |1 pages
Silicon (Si)
entry |1 pages
Silicones
entry |1 pages
Silver halides
entry |1 pages
Skeletal formulas
entry |1 pages
Slag
entry |1 pages
Smelting
entry |1 pages
Smog
entry |1 pages
Smoke
entry |1 pages
Sn1 and Sn2 reactions
entry |1 pages
Soaps
entry |1 pages
Sodium (Na)
entry |1 pages
Sodium chloride structure
entry |1 pages
Sodium hydroxide
entry |1 pages
Sodium tetrahydridoborate(III) (NaBH4)
entry |1 pages
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
entry |1 pages
Solid
entry |1 pages
Solubility
entry |1 pages
Solubility product constants
entry |1 pages
Solute
entry |1 pages
Solutions
entry |1 pages
Solvation
entry |1 pages
Solvay process
entry |1 pages
Solvent
entry |1 pages
S-orbitals
entry |1 pages
Space-filling models
entry |1 pages
Species
entry |1 pages
Spectator ions
entry |1 pages
Spectroscopy
entry |1 pages
Spin
entry |1 pages
Spontaneous reaction
entry |1 pages
Stability of benzene
entry |1 pages
Stability constants, Kstab
entry |1 pages
Standard electrode potentials
entry |1 pages
Standard enthalpy changes
entry |1 pages
Standard form
entry |1 pages
Standard free energy changes
entry |1 pages
Standard hydrogen electrode
entry |1 pages
Standard solution
entry |1 pages
Standard state
entry |1 pages
Starch
entry |1 pages
State functions
entry |1 pages
States of matter
entry |1 pages
Stationary phase
entry |1 pages
Steady-state systems
entry |1 pages
Steam cracking
entry |1 pages
Steam distillation
entry |1 pages
Steam reforming
entry |1 pages
Steels
entry |1 pages
Mild steel
entry |1 pages
Alloy steels
entry |1 pages
Stereochemistry
entry |1 pages
Stereoisomers
entry |1 pages
Stereoregular polymer
entry |1 pages
Stereospecific reactions
entry |1 pages
Steroids
entry |1 pages
Stiffness
entry |1 pages
Stoichiometry
entry |1 pages
Stp (standard temperature and pressure)
entry |1 pages
Strength
entry |1 pages
Strong acids
entry |1 pages
Strong bases
entry |1 pages
Structural formulas
entry |1 pages
Sublimation
entry |1 pages
Substitution reactions
entry |1 pages
Substrates
entry |1 pages
Sugars
entry |1 pages
Sulfates
entry |1 pages
Sulfides of metals
entry |1 pages
Sulfites
entry |1 pages
Sulfonamide drugs
entry |1 pages
Sulfonation of benzene
entry |1 pages
Sulfur (S)
entry |1 pages
Sulfur extraction
entry |1 pages
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
entry |1 pages
Sulfuric acid manufacture
entry |1 pages
Sunscreens
entry |1 pages
Superoxides
entry |1 pages
Supersaturated solution
entry |1 pages
Surface tension
entry |1 pages
Surfactants
entry |1 pages
Surroundings
entry |1 pages
Suspension
entry |1 pages
Sweetness
entry |1 pages
Synthesis
entry |1 pages
System
letter 20|11 pages
T
entry |1 pages
Temperature effect on equilibria
entry |1 pages
Temperature effects on reaction rates
entry |1 pages
Teratogens
entry |1 pages
Tertiary organic compounds
entry |1 pages
Theoretical yield
entry |1 pages
Thermal decomposition
entry |1 pages
Thermal dissociation
entry |1 pages
Thermit reaction
entry |1 pages
Thermochemistry
entry |1 pages
Germain Hess (1802–1850)
entry |1 pages
Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907)
entry |1 pages
Josiah Gibbs (1839–1903)
entry |1 pages
Ludwig Boltzman (1844–1906)
entry |1 pages
Henri Le Chatelier (1850–1936)
entry |1 pages
Walther Nernst (1864–1941)
entry |1 pages
Thermodynamic control
entry |1 pages
Thermodynamics
entry |1 pages
Thermodynamics (laws of)
entry |1 pages
The first law of thermodynamics
entry |1 pages
The second law of thermodynamics
entry |1 pages
Thermoplastic polymers
entry |1 pages
Thermosetting polymers
entry |1 pages
Thin-layer chromatography (tlc)
entry |1 pages
Thio compounds
entry |1 pages
Tin (Sn)
entry |1 pages
Titanium (Ti)
entry |1 pages
Titanium extraction
entry |1 pages
Titanium(IV) oxide
entry |1 pages
Titration
entry |1 pages
Tollens reagent
entry |1 pages
Toughness
entry |1 pages
Toxic substances
entry |1 pages
Trace elements
entry |1 pages
Tracers
entry |1 pages
Transition metals
entry |1 pages
Transition state
entry |1 pages
Transition temperature
entry |1 pages
Transmittance
entry |1 pages
Triglycerides
entry |1 pages
Tri-iodide ion
entry |1 pages
Tri-iodomethane reaction
entry |1 pages
Trioxygen
entry |1 pages
Triple bond
entry |1 pages
Triple point
entry |1 pages
Tritium
letter 21|2 pages
U
entry |1 pages
Ultraviolet radiation
entry |1 pages
Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy
entry |1 pages
Unit cell
entry |1 pages
Universal indicator
entry |1 pages
Unsaturated compounds
entry |1 pages
Urea
entry |1 pages
Urease
letter 22|5 pages
V
entry |1 pages
Vacuum distillation
entry |1 pages
Vacuum filtration
entry |1 pages
Valence theory
entry |1 pages
Van der Waals forces
entry |1 pages
Van der Waals radius
entry |1 pages
Vanadium (V)
entry |1 pages
Vapor pressure
entry |1 pages
Vapors
entry |1 pages
Vat dyes
entry |1 pages
Vibration of bonds
entry |1 pages
Viscous liquids
entry |1 pages
Visible radiation
entry |1 pages
Vitamins
entry |1 pages
Volatile substances
entry |1 pages
Voltmeters
entry |1 pages
Volume
entry |1 pages
Volumetric analysis
letter 23|5 pages
W
entry |1 pages
Wastes
entry |1 pages
Water (H2O)
entry |1 pages
Water cycle
entry |1 pages
Water of crystallization
entry |1 pages
Water treatment
entry |1 pages
Wavelength
entry |1 pages
Waxes
entry |1 pages
Weak acids
entry |1 pages
Weak bases
entry |1 pages
Weathering
entry |1 pages
Weight
entry |1 pages
Wetting
entry |1 pages
Word equation
entry |1 pages
Wurtzite structure
letter 24|1 pages
X
entry |1 pages
X-ray crystallography
entry |1 pages
X-rays
entry |1 pages
Xenon (Xe)
letter 25|2 pages
Y
entry |2 pages
Yield calculations
letter 26|4 pages
Z
entry |1 pages
Zeolites
entry |1 pages
Zero-order reaction
entry |1 pages
Ziegler–Natta catalysts
entry |1 pages
Zinc (Zn)
entry |1 pages
Zinc blende structure
entry |1 pages
Zinc extraction
entry |1 pages
Zone refining
entry |1 pages
Zwitterions
entry |1 pages
Zymase
