Illustrations Key signatures Note names and harmonies Notes and rests Pitch-naming system Time signatures

Note names and harmonies. The terms 'tonic . . . leading note' may describe either a single note or a chord. The diagram lists both scale degrees and chord abbreviations applicable to any key, in addition to providing the specific cases o f C major. The roman numerals are upper-case i f the associated harmony is major and lower-case i f minor. The leading note is rarely harmonized and therefore appears in parentheses.