ABSTRACT
The regional electricity companies in, for instance, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands also have–in varying degrees–private sector characteristics. Regional and local authorities ensure their influence by complete or partial ownership of the shares. The analysis of the urban energy supply systems (UESS), often narrowly defined as, for instance, electricity, steam and domestic heat, natural gas, and solid and liquid fuel supply, comprises also other energy measures proposed or carried out within the fields of energy savings as well as transportation. The only UESS common to all cities is the electricity distribution grid, which is operated and managed by national, regional or municipal companies. Mobility has increased and at the same time congestion has increased in almost all transport modes. It is also increasingly recognized that transport plays a vital role in building up an integrated European network economy.
