ABSTRACT
Sub-Saharan Africa is the only major geographical area which has experienced a decline in per capita food production during the last quarter of a century· (Christensen et al. 1981; USDA 1984). Although the last two years have seen a slight rise in per capita production, the total food deficit is still large (USDA 1986). Billions of dollars in development aid, the introduction of numerous technologies, and a multitude of studies of the social and physical environment have been applied to the food problem in Africa during this period. Why has this effort failed? What are the alternatives? My objective in this paper is to broaden the discussion of sustain
able solutions to the agricultural and food crisis in Africa. The argu ment has five major parts.
