ABSTRACT
This chapter shows that the position Immanuel Kant developed in the 1790's – in Theory and Practice, Perpetual Peace, Rechtslehre, and Tugendlehre – is in fact quite different from, and also more successful than, the rudimentary account in the Groundwork. The main structural innovation of Kant's later theory concerns how duties of justice are argued for by appeal to pure practical reason. The chapter discusses Kant's ideal of justice for a self-contained civil society. It explains how Kant's endorsement of absolute sovereignty arises from Consistency. The chapter focuses on some further features of Kant's ideal, derivable from Universality and Enlightenment. It deals with the apparent tension between the two previous sets of demands, thereby stipulating the proper attitudes and relationship of sovereign and citizens. The chapter examines then how Kant seeks to extend the theory developed thus far to the international plane. It outlines a somewhat modified Kantian theory of justice.
