ABSTRACT
Within the UK, there has been academic research and some studies that have attempted to drill down further, which could be used to determine whether or not particular counter fraud strategies are or were effective. Behavioural studies of human nature show that a bell-shaped curve represents the range of behaviour in relation to any characteristic in a given population of sufficient size to measure effectively. This is as true of height and shoe sizes as it is of a propensity to commit fraud or act corruptly. The University of Portsmouth's Crime Academy has also undertaken research and occasional papers on the effectiveness of counter-fraud measures in parts of the public sector. The Fraud Advisory Panel is a registered charity established in 1998 by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. It provides advice to government, charities and the private sector about tackling fraud.
